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Milan V. Petkovi}

Albanian Terrorists

1998

There is only one step from fanaticism to barbarism.

Denis Diderot

Index



Introduction 

Islamic Extremism and the European Quest 

Growing Iranian influence


The Albanian Initiative 

The US Interest for Terrorists in Kosovo and Metohija 

TURKEY, ALBANIA AND THE
"REPUBLIC KOSOVA" 

Using religion 

Turkey, Albania and Kosovo and Metohija 

Planning the "Republic of Kosova" 

The "Kosovo Liberation
Army" 

What is the "Kosovo
Liberation Army"? 

Profile of a terrorist 

"Dogs of War" are arriving 

Profession - Terrorist 

MAPS & DRAWINGS

ABBREVIATIONS

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Introduction

Southeast Europe, and
especially the Balkan Peninsula, have traditionally been the object of
numerous geopolitical, geostrategic and publicist analyses, as well as
the subject of debates among Balkan, European and global experts in
international relations. At the present, along with the Serbian question,
the most controversial issue is the Albanian national question.

The basic problem concerns security in a broader geopolitical framework,
which is understandable. but at least as far as Western analysts are
concerned, other issues have priority such as human rights, democracy and
other issues that might become dominant in a given phase of crisis
solving. 

The preservation of regional security and the creation of stable
political-economic relations in the Balkan Peninsula are the priorities
of the international community policy, since it estimates that currently
the most important hotbeds on Europe are located in Kosovo and Metohija,
in Albania and in western Macedonia.

Judged according to investments, resources and geostrategic element, the
province of Kosovo and Metohija is worth more than 500 billion dollars.
This fact favored the Albanian secessionist leadership in its efforts to
assume the guidance of the Albanian people which might play an important
role in the global control of the south-eastern part of Europe. The
premise "Whoever has control of the Balkans and of Kosovo and
Metohija, controls the stability and the instability of Europe" has
been put to good use by the Albanian leaders by trying to destabilize
this part of the European continent in order to benefit by creating
"Greater Albania", i.e. by generating a monopoly of power and
might in the Balkans. Their efforts are designed to provide the solution
to the "Kosovo Question" by involving international factors, to
the point that internationalization of the problems is sought at any
cost, including inciting and taking part in terrorist activities, devised
to frighten the Serbian people and force it to emigrate and abandon the
land to the secessionists.

The political objectives of the secessionists encompassing both
conventional and unconventional forms of activities by political parties,
unions, media, supported by terrorism, guerrilla, contraband, drugs
smuggling and violence of all sorts, are merely a mosaic revealing a
rejection of the authority of the Serbian state and of the Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia, and a collective resistance to the Serbian people
and political parties, regardless of their political programs, party
activities and attitude towards the present government. 

Islamic Extremism and the
European Quest

Kosovo and Metohija is a
region with enormous historical and civilizational importance, especially
in view of resisting to the expansion of Islamism in Europe. 

The war in Bosnia and Herzegovina, concluded by the Dayton Agreement,
also represents an attempt to ensure the penetration of Islamism in the
Balkans and to link a major number of states and regions to the Moslem
population and Islam as the religion of the majority. Part of this
process includes the long-term effort of the Albanian leadership to form
the "Greater Albania", encompassing present day Republic of
Albania, Kosovo and Metohija, as well as parts of Macedonia, Montenegro
and Greece. Strikes staged by ethnic Albanian miners and university
students in Kosovo and Metohija back in 1988 and 1989, have escalated
into outbreaks of violence with tragic consequences, forcing the Serbian
government to take energetic measures to suppress anti-government and
terrorist activities and re-establish normal life condition in this part
of the Republic. This is why at the beginning of the nineties, terrorist
groups and their leaders adopted a new strategy which was intensified in
1996 and 1997. It was characterized by attacks focused on government
institutions, Serbs, Montenegrins and ethnic Albanians which were judged
to be helping the reinforcement of legal and legitimate authority of
Serbia and Yugoslavia. In just a few months at the end of 1997 and at the
beginning of 1998, the activity of the terrorists in Kosovo and Metohija
have caused the death of more than 70 citizens and members of Serbian
Police and Yugoslav Army. Such an escalation of violence was the result
of thorough preparations of secessionists in Albania and Bosnia and
Herzegovina, and of the support of various Moslem countries, particularly
Iran and its Islamic extremist militant institutions and organizations.


Growing Iranian
influence 

A particular
intensification of Iranian activity in Albania and Kosovo and Metohija
was registered after the meting of Islamic countries held in Jeddah in
1994, and the meeting of the D-8 group of Islamic countries held in
Istanbul in 1996. The decision was taken then to help the "brothers
in the Balkans" with all available means, including military aid.
Obviously, "all available means" included the "holy
warriors" - mujahedins and other terrorists.

Actually, the Balkan peninsula was chosen as a beachhead for an organized
penetration of Islam into Europe. At the same time Italy was selected as
the base country for command and managing centers and stations in charge
of directing Islamic extremists=92 forces and funds.

According to British analysts versed in these issues, it is unlikely that
the international community will offer a determined support to the legal
FRY # authorities, because it does not feel threatened. This will favor
the Islamic extremists and allow them to operate undisturbed and secure
their positions according to plan by setting up a broadly ramified and
tenacious terrorist organization with strongholds in localities inhabited
by Moslem population. Bearing this in mind, the Albanian secessionist
network has launched an efficient propaganda-psychological campaign in
the West in order to win support or at least sympathies before their main
offensive which is being prepared with the excuse of creating independent
Moslem states that will act as a "firewall" against terrorism
in Europe. Hence, it comes as no surprise that even the US President is
tolerating their secessionist aspirations. Unlike the British government
headed by Mr. John Major # that tried to filter the more aggressive
aspects of US policy regarding former Yugoslavia and during the civil war
in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the new government, headed by Mr. Tony Blair #
gave unconditional support to the Clinton Administration #. Therefore,
one should not expect that the British Government will provide any
significant endorsement to Serbia and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
as far as their policy in Kosovo and Metohija is concerned. Securing
independence for the ethic Albanian minority in Kosovo and Metohija is an
important objective of the Clinton Administration # Balkan policy,
because this is required by the US interests to maintain a physical
presence in Europe both through NATO and independently =96 with troops
stationed in allied Balkan countries that are being given ample US
support, and direct and indirect control of the Balkans with the use of
allies.

The escalation of terrorism in Kosovo and Metohija in 1997 and 1998,
marked the beginning of a new phase of the long term plan that Teheran #
has prepared for the Balkans. It includes intense preparations for
inciting hostilities and planting extreme Islamic ideology in the area.
Since the spring of =9297 a growing Teheran=92s interest for the Balkans and
the Apennines has been registered. This is probably due to the growing
tension between Iran and Western countries after the trial to Iranian
citizens in Germany, indicted for espionage in favor of Iran. The
developments in Bosnia and Herzegovina forced Iran and the Alija
Izetbegovi{ administration to maintain a relatively low level of
relations, in order to avoid forcing Europe from fully adhering to the US
policy in confront of Iran because this would make difficult the
implementation of objectives set by the leadership of Islamic extremist
institutions. All this increases the importance of the Apennines-Balkans
area for Teheran # and its interest for Albania and ethnic Albanians in
Kosovo and Metohija, as its allies. This explains Teheran=92s tenacity in
finding and establishing strongholds in this part of Europe.

The first demonstration of the importance the Apennine / Balkan
geopolitical area and of the elasticity of the local Islamic strongholds
involved in preparing and carrying-out terrorists operations, was the
attempted assassination of Pope John Paul II # in the spring of 1997 in
Sarajevo #. It is important that (even though it failed) the operation
was planned at the time that the "brain center" of the Iranian
intelligence service in Milan # (Italy) was still not fully operational.
This means that it could not provide intelligence and logistic support
for the operation. In other words, the assassination was staged and
implemented using only "local" forces and means, with the aid
of given field operatives. It should be stressed that the preparations
included various segments of the intelligence department of the Iranian
Foreign Ministry, given elements of the Iranian special assignment forces
"Al Quds" #, in charge of organizing and executing terrorist
attacks abroad, parts of special units for internal security and some
members of the terrorist logistic base in Sarajevo. The planning and
execution of the operation was coordinated by Meghid Shahram #, Iranian
terrorist instructor, known to specialized institutions in various
Western countries. 

The forces involved in the implementation of the assassination, have been
identified as "close to pro-Iranian Hesbollah" #. The team
included a suicide group of 18 terrorists from Turkey, Moslem Bosnia and
Iran. Due to insufficient coordination among the various sub-groups, and
poor support forces, the assassination failed. Operations conducted by
INTERPOL, police and specialized services in Western countries, unveiled
several Islamist terrorist groups operating in Europe, and linked to the
Iranian secret service that provided assignments, instructors and
logistic support. However, in spite of the fact that the assassination
plan was blocked, this terrorist structure =96 sponsored by Iran =96 showed
its tenacity and efficiency because the terrorists managed to avoid being
arrested. 

In late September 1997, Teheran=92s terrorist organization was ready to
repeat the attempt on the Pope=92s life. A group of about 20 terrorists
from various countries was set up in Bologna # (Italy). However, just a
few hours before the assassination, Italian security forces discovered
and arrested 14 members of the group. 

Another successful anti-terrorist operation =96 though not related to this
incident =96 is the one carried out by SFOR units in Fojnica # (Bosnia) in
1996. A terrorist base was discovered, arms and special assignment
equipment were seized, as well as major quantities of explosives and some
documentation. It was discovered that the terrorist branch in Bosnia and
Herzegovina was headed by Ali Rezah Bayata. # His directives included =96
among other things =96organizing terrorist activities in FR Yugoslavia.
Because of security breaches and poor results in organizing terrorist
operations in Yugoslavia, Ali Rezah Bayata was called back to Teheran #
and soon after relieved of his duties as coordinator for Bosnia and
Herzegovina. 

Near the end of 1997, Iranian diplomat Mahmud Nurani # was appointed head
of the Iranian intelligence center in Rome. His experience from Lebanon
and the success he had in the eighties when he set up the pro-Iranian
extremist Islamic organization "Hesbollah" # in Beirut. This is
where he specialized in bomb-attacks and hostage kidnapping, which was to
be a useful base for performing terrorist activities in the Balkans and
throughout Europe. At the same time, the office of minister for
intelligence affairs was given to Kurban Ali Najeff Abadi #, a close
friend of Ayatollah Hamnei #. His most important assignment, the one he
has been involved in ever since he assumed office, is the control and
supervision of the Iranian intelligence and terrorist activities in
Albania. This country, together with Kosovo and Metohija is to be used as
the spring board for consolidating the "Moslem Axis" # (also
called "Green Crosscut" #) in Bosnia and possibly further on
into Europe. The Iranian infrastructure in Albania has shown a certain
amount of efficiency, at least for the time being, primarily because it
is based on the omerta=92 principle deeply rooted in the Albanian
society from times immemorial, much like in Italian Mafia. Facts have
shown that the general conditions for an Islamic re-conquest of Albania
were highly favorable. By 1997, Albania had entered the disintegration
phase, culminating in March of that same year. Tirana desperately needed
aid, regardless of its origin, and the majority of the people were
focused on sheer survival, and turned to robbery, terrorism, drugs
smuggling, contraband of arms, kidnappings and white slavery. All these
criminal activities simplified the creation of terrorist organizations
and strengthened the terrorist network. Iranian intelligence circles
deemed that Albania was "ripe" and could accept the
introduction of extremist Islamism which was to take place on two levels
according to Teheran=92s plan. Publicly, Iran and its Islamic partners are
to build a comprehensive financial support system ranging from banks and
financial institutions to economy, and including numerous humanitarian
organizations offering all sorts of community services and aid for the
poor and "abused". Secretly, a broad network is created to
establish the intelligence-operative base destined to cover entire
Europe, going primarily through the Balkans and Italy.

The Albanian
Initiative

There are clear
indications of the importance of the "Albanian Initiative" #,
i.e., the Iranian penetration into Albania. The meeting of the Iranian
Supreme Economic Council at the beginning of 1998, dealt exclusively with
the situation in Albania. The Council vice-chairman Bezavah Navabi #, the
new trustee for the coordination of the public social-economic initiative
in Albania, took part in the meeting, along with other influential
officials =96 Mohsen Nurbakan # - governor of the Iranian Central Bank, as
well as the prime figures of the relevant Iranian institutions and
ministries. Furthermore, Navabi was instructed to coordinate the work and
the activities with the Iranian intelligence structures. He suggested
that a long term plan be drafted and launched to promote three Iranian
long-term objectives in Albania:

Forming a commercial operative base near the "heart of
Europe" (Germany, France, Italy, Benelux, Switzerland).=20
Reinforcing the strategic axis towards Sarajevo and Tirana, linked to
intensified subversive Islamic political presence.=20
Organizing advanced posts for the Iranian Intelligence Service, to
allow it to carry out operations and perform assignments concerning the
penetration into Italy, Austria, Greece and further on into the European
continent.
The implementation of the Teheran # plans has already started.
Operating through Iranian semi-official organizations and foundations,
the Iranian Intelligence Service has created contacts with numerous
Islamic and Iranian trade companies and businessmen in the major Albanian
cities and established channels for making and financing new
representative offices. Meanwhile, Teheran took comprehensive steps to
secure economic support and strengthen the ties with Albania through
Arab-Islamic banking institutions. This is almost the exclusive source of
hard currency input into Albania, and by positioning loyal figures at the
very top of the financial oligarchy, Teheran transformed most of the
local banks and financial institutions ensuring an undisturbed and
permanent Iranian presence and penetration in all segments of the
Albanian society. These banks have established formal ties with several
Iranian banks thus fully legalizing the Iranian presence in all spheres
of financing. This resulted in the complete acceptance of the Iranian
presence as a normal and even desirable situation. Mohsen Nurbakan
instructed those banks to invest in Albania regardless of poor profit and
business risk factors. Officials of the Iranian financial intelligence
are deployed in all Teheran=92s institutions in Albania and cooperate
closely with the operatives of the Intelligence Affairs Ministry
regarding the financing of terrorist training camps, purchase of arms and
military equipment, "money laundering" and other
activities.

Along with these efforts, the Iranian intelligence service intensified
its activities with organized crime both in Albania and abroad. From the
early 90=92s, Iranian intelligence used ports in Albania to smuggle arms
and medicines to Bosnia and Herzegovina, "money laundering" and
smuggling drugs from the Near East for the Italian Mafia, and other
illegal activities. All major operations went through the Albanian port
of Durazzo #, whilst smaller and more delicate shipments were directed to
the port Sewini # (north of Durazzo). However, since mid-1997, Albania
has become the center and the basic transit point for arms contraband
trails leading to Bosnia and Herzegovina, for drug caravans going from
the Near East and Columbia to the "heart of Europe", and money
from Russia laundered in EU. The Italian Mafia represents an important
force and a precious ally for the Iranian intelligence. The geographic
closeness between Albania and southern Italy prompted dangerous ties
between the Mafia channels in the Italian south and Albanian smugglers
that sometimes use some parts of the Montenegrin territory for
transferring shipments to Western Europe. They jointly coordinate foreign
criminal groups that have become increasingly active in Albania =96
organized mobsters, drug smugglers, members of terrorist groups and
organizations from Kosovo and Metohija as well as from the Near East,
Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iran, Syria, Lebanon and Turkey.

On the Italian side of the Adriatic, the Neapolitan Mafia has defined its
interests in controlling the Tirana-Brindisi line of communications. It
has transformed the ports along the southern coast of Italy into
reception centers for illegal entrance into the country and hence into
the European Union. The most active ones are the Mafia branches involved
in arms and drugs smuggling, "white slavery" and
"dirty" money laundering. In addition to all this, the
smuggling of illegal aliens is a rapidly spreading, this criminal
phenomenon is being broadly used by Iranian intelligence to infiltrate
agents and terrorists in all European countries.

Along with all this, the Iranians have intensified their efforts to
establish and activate training camps for terrorists destined to operate
in Kosovo and Metohija and West European countries. In this they
cooperate with other countries supporting extreme Islamic terrorism. The
recruitment is primarily focused on the impoverished social strata in
Albania. Until now, along with banks, the Iranians have formed a number
of foundations involved in humanitarian aid activities.

The most important "construction" in the system is the
institution of holy war =96 Jihad # which is has been introduced into
Albania in a premeditated and almost imperceptible way. The "Islamic
Jihad" # organization operates in Albania as a highly motivated
structure with very large funds. It is involved in the development of
small enterprises, construction of small factories and job creation in
urban and other impoverished regions. Thanks to community projects and
financial activities "Islamic Jihad" (also called "Jihad
Construction") has become an important instrument used by the
Iranians to win the sympathies of the people and gaining popularity and
consensus in the community. This type of social environment generates
favorable conditions for recruiting individuals and demanding active
support from institutions, be they port authorities, factories, other
infrastructure facilities or pure financial institutions.

Interestingly, the key Sunni # Islamic associations such as "Al
Harmayun" # and "Al Muwafaq" # focused on recruiting
followers of Islam that the Iranians preach =96 regardless of their Shiite
orientation =96 represent another instrument for expanding Iranian
influence. Relying on enormous donations and subventions by the Gulf
states, and on the possibility of securing well-paid jobs in those
countries, these organizations are usually used to recruit and train
Albanian mujahedins #. Their recruitment methods have been tested and
improved in Afghanistan and Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Using Islamic educational institutions and projects for the development
of rural communities as a front, Iran and its Arab allies have formed
training camps in remote and inaccessible zones of Albania. Tom make
these camps operational, Teheran has brought in numerous groups of Arabs
and Albanian mujahedins from Bosnia, where they fought in Moslem Army
units. After a brief stay in these camps, special teams - made of veteran
mujahedin # or freshly trained Albanians =96 are sent on assignment abroad.
Many are sent to Kosovo and Metohija directly or via Macedonia. The best
individuals are sent to Western Europe, posing as refugees, that are
smuggled by boat to Italy, France and Spain. Close relations Albanian,
Iranian and Italian Mafia have with Iranian intelligence are based on the
contraband of arms, drugs, forged documents and securities, but also
include the smuggling of Iranian agents into Western countries via
Italy.

Until the end of 1997, training and preparation of the "Kosovo
Liberation Army" # was sponsored by Teheran, as well as the transfer
of arms and specialists through Albania. At the beginning of 1998, these
activities have been intensified. Interestingly, the primary objective -
creating a beachhead for the expansion of Islam - has been expanded to
include the creation of the Tirana-Sarajevo axis. With all that the
escalation of Jihad # remained the primary objective for Teheran.

In the autumn of 1997, top leadership in Teheran decided to start sending
large quantities of arms and military equipment to the secret Albanian
organizations in Kosovo and Metohija. Hamnei's # instructions were that
this aid was to be used only to win the independence of Kosovo and
Metohija and proclaim the independent "Republic of Kosovo".
This Iranian decision was part of the policy used until Teheran limited
direct financing of the activities in FR Yugoslavia to the creation of
educational institutions and educational projects of the separatist
groups based on fundamentalist Islamic ideology. The sole purpose of this
move was the complete indoctrination of the masses and the creation of a
broad support with blind trust of ideas originated in Teheran. The
financing of terrorist and other activities was limited to preparations
and support outside Yugoslavia =96 in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Albania,
Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan and elsewhere.

However, orders were given to eliminate this difference as well:
Teheran's instructions include a quality change in the Iranian
involvement in Kosovo and Metohija. At the beginning of 1997, Iranian
intelligence was given the assignment to deliver the first shipment of
hand grenades, machine guns, automatic rifles, night surveillance
equipment, and communication equipment from its stocks in Albania to the
secessionist in Kosovo. While awaiting instructions from Teheran, ample
preparations were carried out in Albania, and the Iranians even promised
the Albanians and the commanders of the "Kosovo Liberation
Army" # that they will organize for them military training in
Revolutionary Guard and Special Units camps in Iran. Meanwhile, illegal
arms deliveries were continued, indicating that Teheran plans to create a
military operations zone in Kosovo and Metohija to promote the Jihad
#.

In planning the stress levels for the "Kosovo Liberation Army"
# , Teheran used estimates prepared during the 90's by the followers of
Kosovo Democratic Alliance leader - Ibrahim Rugova, # and in response to
requests for armed operations in Kosovo and Metohija. The growing Iranian
involvement in Albania and in Kosovo and Metohija had direct influence on
the operative structure and the organization of the "Kosovo
Liberation Army" # and rumors were intentionally spread that the
"liberation war" has started, marked by a number of terrorist
attacks on police stations, Serbian Government institutions and Yugoslav
Army installations in Kosovo and Metohija, at the beginning of=20
1998.

The events having taken such a course, the central position of the
"Kosovo Liberation Army" # must not be ignored. In fact, with
Teheran's support the most radical elements in the movement for Kosovo
independence, acquired growing importance and influence. Should current
trends prevail, the Islamist "Kosovo Liberation Army" might
become the decisive factor in turning the situation in the region around.
Along with all this, terrorist activities have become part of the daily
reality in Kosovo and Metohija. Together with massive propaganda campaign
and Iranian support, the spreading of terrorism might really be
considered the beginning of an armed rebellion threatening to escalate
further.

The greatest advantage Teheran has, is the ability to reinforce the
Kosovo-Albanian alliance using the "Kosovo Liberation Army" and
its terrorist campaign.

Along with this, there is no doubt that Washington has a growing interest
to direct the Kosovo problem in the direction of armed conflicts,
provoked by "liberation forces" and sponsored by Iran. For the
Clinton Administration, Kosovo represents another open question that is
to be used to put pressure on Belgrade. This was clearly demonstrated by
the sudden and unexpected decision to include this issue in the agenda of
the 2nd Conference on the Implementation if the Dayton Agreement in
Bosnia and Herzegovina.In view of the Iranian domination over the growing
Islamic, subversive and terrorist movement in Kosovo and Metohija, the
question can be raised whether this was merely a coincidence or a secret
agreement on cooperation has in fact been made between Washington and
Teheran.

The advent of Islamism (sponsored by Iran) in Bosnia and Herzegovina, in
Albania and in Kosovo is certainly not coincidental. In both cases,
Iranians are trying to infiltrate the Moslem community, presently
inclined towards western values and secularism, in order to turn what
started as "national liberation struggle" of secessionist
ethnic Albanians, into a bastion of Islamic terrorism and
radicalism.

Iranians and their allies have enjoyed the support of loyal followers of
the spiritual leaders of both movements. This must not be underestimated
- especially in view of what Teheran achieved in Sarajevo - since a
possible triumph in Albania, in Kosovo and Metohija and in Macedonia
would have serious effects because the international community has not
taken adequate and active steps to prevent it.

In Bosnia and Herzegovina, the West and the UN 0 under US guidance -
openly supported and helped the rise of the Moslem regime. Officially the
Clinton Administration decided to "close an eye" when Iran and
its allies were delivering arms and sending voluntaries to the Moslem
forces in Bosnia, flagrantly breaching the UN arms embargo. The discovery
of the conspiracy against the Pope, helped by the Sarajevo regime and the
sponsoring of Islamic terrorism in the heart of Western Europe, forced
several Western governments to reconsider their policy in Bosnia.

The US Interest for
Terrorists in Kosovo and Metohija 

The DIA - the US
military intelligence service, is closely monitoring the problem of
Kosovo and Metohija. Its general stand is that this is an internal issue
for Serbia and FR Yugoslavia that needs to be solved in a democratic way.
DIA accuses both sides for the present situation in the southern Serbian
province, though greater responsibility is attributed to Belgrade. The
same agency stresses that the patience of the international community is
running out and that it is high time for the continued dialogue to start.
The solution is anticipated in the form of "broader autonomy"
but without the separation of Kosovo and Metohija from Yugoslavia. The
DIA # believes that the definite solution is in the hands of Yugoslavia
and that the future of the country and the future of the region as a
whole will depend on the approach used by Yugoslavia in solving the
problem.

Operations by the so-called Kosovo Liberation Army are judged as
classical terrorist activities, which entails anti-terrorist activities
and measures used by the authorities. According to the same agency, all
this can escalate the conflict. 

Analytical and intelligence circles in the US intelligence community
estimate that the so-called Kosovo Liberation Army is "working on
its tactics, but success should not bee expected from it soon".
Still, "violence will continue to attract the attention of the
international community.: The political objective of this terrorist
organization is independent Kosovo and the possible unification with the
mother country. Therefore, it is to be expected that "this
organization will strive to disrupt police functions, incite the
resistance of the population and discourage ethnic Albanians from
cooperating with Serbian authorities."

The latest attacks carried out by this group indicate that it is
switching from limited range assignments to broader attacks directed
primarily against the security forces and public institutions to impose
the opinion and the impression that Belgrade is incapable of controlling
security in Kosovo and Metohija. In this insolent strategy, they are now
attacking smaller and (in their opinion) isolated military units
patrolling the border with Albania. These attacks had no effect until
now. American experts believe that the use of force by Serbian
authorities, can give only temporary results. Therefore the best solution
is to promote dialogue and to look for a compromise solution that might
satisfy both sides at least partially. Obviously, should the US
establishment come to the conclusion that in Kosovo and Metohija some
other formula is to be applied to realize American political objectives
in the Balkan area, different solutions and outcomes can be expected in
Kosovo and Metohija.

It is clear however, that American political interests will play a
decisive role in the settlement of the "Kosovo Question",
because the position assumed by Serbia and Yugoslavia - concerning the
involvement of foreign factors in the internal affairs of the country -
was judged to "jeopardize vital American interests" by former
president George Bush # back in 1992.

TURKEY, ALBANIA AND THE
"REPUBLIC KOSOVA"

Most of the Albanians
have deep religious feelings and they are greatly confused when secular
social duties are in contrast with their personal stands about something
being banned by the Sheria #, especially when women and their rights are
involved. Certain Islamic religious leaders in Kosovo and Metohija
promote this attitude by presenting Islam as a comprehensive view of the
world that includes a state-government theory excluding all other
theories not acknowledging Islam.

This is the groundwork nationalism is built upon using myths and
propaganda. Those that failed to resist to such propaganda, easily
succumb to Chauvinism and all its negative characteristics and
weaknesses. This is best confirmed by the events in the province over the
past decade. Consequently, it is clear that no form of materialistic
ideology, even if it comes from the mother-country Albania, could not
have been broadly diffused in and adopted by the majority of the ethnic
Albanian population.

Recently, the ties between Islam and Albanian secessionism have become
clearly visible. They are made evident by the presence of numerous imams
and their instigation of nationalistic activities, and also by the
justification of terrorist operations by bandit groups that use the
romantic euphemism of "Kosovo Liberation Army". They are also
joining secessionist organizations, infiltrating the student communities
in high schools and colleges, as well as entering various political
organizations with "Greater Albania" # orientation, preaching
secessionism and taking part in illegal activities ranging from slander
to intimidation, physical harassment and assassination of non-Albanian
individuals. The Albanian secessionist and Chauvinist parties have copied
this approach and they are now frequently operating through so-called
independent unions and associations. Thanks to such a strategy, they
manage to recruit many followers among the Albanians, not only in Kosovo
and Metohija, but also those that live abroad, mostly in western
countries.

Using religion

The secessionist
forces do not hesitate to use the religions sentiments of the ethnic
Albanians to attain their objectives. In doing so, they enjoy the support
of a part of the Islamic clergy. This takes many forms: mediating peace
between families involved in blood vengeance, urging the believers to be
united, appeals to ethnic Albanians that moved from Kosovo and Metohija
to Turkey decades ago to become involved in the "Albanian
question", # the recruitment of young men (and adults) to go to
Turkey for "special" education, establishing ties between the
ethnic Albanian schools (set up as part of the parallel education system)
with Islamic charity and purely religious organizations, etc. Ethnic
Albanian secessionists, part of which are sworn Islamic fundamentalists,
are extremely intransigent in their demands. This is made visible by
their public statements and resolute rejection of any compromise which is
quite near to open denial of the legitimate authorities and structures of
Serbia and FR Yugoslavia, where they live in spite of that.

ON the other hand, it seems that the Albanian aspirations to annex Kosovo
and Metohija are still just a dream for the simple reason that it isn't
strong enough to do it. This is why Pri{tina has been made headquarters
of the secessionist operations and the place where the ideas for creating
"Greater Albania" are proclaimed. This is further revealed by
the diffusion of ideas that all non-Albanian population should be chased
out from the neighboring territories: western Macedonia and Ra{ka
territory and the transfer of terrorist activities outside Kosovo and
Metohija.

Turkey, Albania and
Kosovo and Metohija 

When Kosovo and
Metohija are discussed, one of the questions that can be raised is why is
this problem associated to the notion of "Pan-Turkishness",
although it is quite evident that ethnic Albanian secessionism is
involved including terrorist activities and unquestionable crime? The
answer can be found in the vision proposed by Suleyman Demirel # when he
described Turkey for 21st century placing Albania and Kosovo and Metohija
within its borders. As it is known, Albania did not protest against such
statements, nor has any of the secessionist leaders in Kosovo and
Metohija. On the contrary, both the Albanian and the Kosovo and Metohija
leaderships cooperated with Turkey before this statement and continued to
do so after it. For example in 1993, the Turkish government granted
Albania a 50 million dollars loan for arms and army training, backed
Albania in all its anti-Yugoslav outbursts, trained and still is training
members of the Albanian Army and terrorist organizations from Kosovo and
Metohija. One of the training camps of the Turkish Army - near the town
of Boly - has been reserved for training Albanian terrorists.

Furthermore, the largest Albanian community in the world lives in Turkey.
The total number of ethnic Albanians living there can not be established
because the emigration into territories that are present-day Turkey has
been uninterrupted ever since the Ottoman conquest of Albania. The
question might be asked how many present-day Turks are actually from
Turkey or is the majority of them descendent from some of the emigrants
from Albania and Kosovo and Metohija that settled Turkey in waves. The
point is that almost all Turks think of themselves as Moslems, and until
World War One this was the characteristic of their theocratic state. This
made feel all Albanian Moslems at in Turkey.

Many of them have reached the highest state offices. In the history of
the Ottoman Empire 25 Albanians were grand viziers (prime ministers) that
emigrated from Kosovo and Metohija or were descendants of emigrants from
that region.

When the state of Albania was created in 1912 and subsequently confirmed
after the 2nd Balkan War, a major rebellion of peasants headed by the
dervish Hadji-Ohamil broke out. Rallying for a holly war - Jihad - they
wanted to destroy the new Albania and reunite it with Turkey.

Interestingly enough, all the Albanians that emigrated to Turkey after
World War Two, stated in their applications made to the Turkish Embassy
in Belgrade that they are Turks and that their mother tongue is Turkish.
Thus, a large number of Albanians has been blended into the Turkish
nation without any effort of the authorities. According to some
estimates, several million Turks are of Albanian descent, but many have
been assimilated to the point that they never mention their origins. One
of the most illustrious Turks of Albanian descent is the former commander
of the Turkish Army and president of the republic - Kenan Evren. # 

Strangely enough, Yugoslavia is being accused of suffocating the rights
of the Albanians and denying them the right to express their ethnic
attributes, whilst Turkey is quoted as the friendly country that has so
much understanding for the "ill-fated" from Kosovo and
Metohija, even though in Turkey no nationality except the Turkish one is
allowed. Even the Kurds # are labeled "Mountain Turks" and
their struggle for national emancipation is judged to be terrorism.

Planning the
"Republic of Kosova"

Bearing in mind the
interests of the neighboring countries, and without any intention of
harming them, at the Peace Conference held in Paris in 1946, Yugoslavia
made certain efforts to defend the Albanian right of territorial
integrity. Regardless of the contrary position of some participants, the
Yugoslav delegation insisted that Albania was to be allowed to take part
in the Conference and be treated like Austria, i.e. that the solution
found for Austria is to be applied to Albania as well.This stand of the
Yugoslav delegation, and the Yugoslav attitude towards it was appreciated
by Albania after the Conference, but only until the Inform-Bureau
Resolution # in 1948, when it joined the general condemnation by the East
European countries headed by USSR. This is when Albania initiated a
thorough and hostile campaign against Yugoslavia. It has been fanatically
maintained with almost constant intensity until the present day,
regardless of the changes of Albanian government and ruling political
party. One of the most tragic effects of this campaign was the blooming
of secessionist tendencies among ethnic Albanians in Yugoslavia,
especially in the extremist circles of the ethnic Albanian political
elite.

After 1960, Albania broke away from USSR and the Warsaw Pact # countries
and initiated an forced cooperation with China. This period is also
characterized by the intensification of cultural, scientific and
ideological cooperation between Albania and the Albanian minority in
Kosovo and Metohija. This mirrored the changes in the status of the
Kosovo and Metohija region in the legal and administrative sense,
following the introduction of the Yugoslav constitutions and especially
the 1974 Constitution. At the time, the ethnic Albanians came up with the
idea to use a demographic "explosion" to alter the ethnic
structure of the province. The plan was to secure domination through
population policy, all this being inspired by the Albanian state
ideology. Due to the political status granted by the Constitution of SFRY
the intense support from Albania, and the almost unlimited possibilities
of transforming the province in the political, economic, cultural and
other spheres, nationalism secessionism and even religious intransigence
flourished in complete contradiction with the state, national, historical
and civilizational profile of Yugoslavia.

The rapid population growth of ethnic Albanians in Kosovo and Metohija,
and the simultaneous fall of the Serbian and Montenegrin population in
the province, was accompanied by a proportional level of indoctrination
concerning ideology, culture and economy. The ethnic Albanians were being
linked to all that came from Albania in a blatant and undeniable way.
Furthermore, nobody - political leaders, intelligentsia and even simple
ethnic Albanians - made any effort to hide it. Even textbooks were
obtained from Tirana, and on the first page of the book of ABC's for
first-graders there was a picture of the Albanian leader Enver Hodxa #
with the motto "Our motherland is Albania". This is what Enver
Hodxa used to launch a fierce attack against Yugoslavia in his speech at
the Albanian Worker's Party congress in 1981 - the fact that the
Albanians are living "divided" in three former Yugoslav federal
entities: Serbia, Montenegro and Macedonia. Hodxa openly asked a change
of the status of Kosovo and Metohija and anticipated the existence of a
plan for creating a new geopolitical situation in this part of the
Balkans.

The plan essentially had three phases: in the first one Kosovo and
Metohija were to be given the status of republic within the framework of
the Yugoslav federation; the second phase was to be used to integrate all
territories inhabited by ethnic Albanians in Serbia, Montenegro and
Macedonia in a compact and ethnically defined federal unit within
Yugoslavia; it was to leave the Yugoslav federation either with a
referendum on independence or with the use of violence, armed rebellion
and secession; the third phase was to cover the unification of the
secessionist republic and Albania, the mother-country. Obviously, in
order to secure the approval of the international community, the broad
and coordinated efforts were to be used to influence the international
public opinion and political factors and secure their consent and
legitimacy for the "democratic decisions and resolutions of the
Albanian majority in occupied territories". In view of this plan
mass demonstrations were set up by ethnic Albanian secessionists and - in
spite of the efficient government measures to suppress political and
nationalistic passions - they had a strong echo among the Albanians in
Albania and those living abroad.

Some of the secessionist leaders addressed the international public with
their "scientific" studies and analyses, relying on the
intellectual elite of Albanian descent throughout the world as their
spokesmen and promoters. The failed attempt to realize such a territorial
remodeling, left deep traces in the relations between Yugoslavia and
Albania, but also in the relations between Serbs, Montenegrins and ethnic
Albanians living in Kosovo and Metohija. During the eighties the attitude
of the Ethnic Albanians towards the Serbs, Montenegrins and Serbian and
Yugoslav authorities was mainly that of a boycott, with numerous attacks
on individuals and private property. Gradually this escalated into a
specific terrorization carried out by the ethnic majority over the ethnic
minority, and terrorist attacks carried out by nationalist and
Islamic-Fundamentalist groups and organizations.

Using the general political crisis which degenerated into the secession
of Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Macedonia, with deep
involvement and meddling of foreign political and military factors,
ethnic Albanian secessionists convened on July 2 1990 in Ka~anik to adopt
the "Constitution of the Republic of Kosova". This actions by
he illegal and illegitimate "Assembly of the Republic of
Kosova" resulted in the voluntary absence of the ethnic Albanian
representatives from the debate on the future arrangement of Yugoslavia
and the settlement of the crisis. In fact, secessionist leaders decided
that their goals were to be realized by tearing down the outer Yugoslav
borders and secession from Serbia. Acting on its "Declaration on
Independence", the secessionist leadership organized its operation
in clandestine conditions, elected the "president of the Republic of
Kosova", formed the government and initiated the creation of their
phantom state. Obviously the first thing to do was drawing the map of the
"Republic".

During the first six months of 1991, certain program modifications
regarding priorities were made by Albania, and economic interest were put
ahead of ideological ones. Thus, on June 20 1991, the meeting of the EU
foreign ministers decided to renew diplomatic relations with Albania and
granted it the status of full member of the Conference on Security and
Cooperation in Europe (later renamed Organization of Security and
Cooperation in Europe - OSCE); the Albanian foreign and domestic policy
was based on the multi-party system made official by the democratic
elections in the spring of 1992; a change of the Albanian policy towards
Yugoslavia and regarding the "Kosovo question" was expected;
However, Albanian president Sali Berisha #, congratulated Ibrahim Rugova
# on the successful organization of the elections for the "Republic
of Kosova" on May 29 1992 with a message in which he stressed that
"the Albanian people living in the territory of Kosovo has shown
maturity and civic courage". With it he practically reaffirmed the
policy of the previous regime: to support secessionist ideology among the
ethnic Albanians and to interfere with Yugoslav internal affairs. Relying
on international media, he stressed on various occasions - and especially
in an interview published by Corriere della Sera on November 16
1992 - the necessity of a military intervention against Yugoslavia and
"Belgrade's military installations", and in February 1993, his
foreign minister appealed to the EU countries to grant recognition to the
"Republic of Kosova". At the same time, Sali Berisha # stressed
that "Albania will not be able to prevent Albanians from running to
the aid of their brothers in Kosovo should a war break out there".
Reacting to this and some other secessionist demands, the League of
Albanian Intellectuals from Kosovo, Macedonia and Albania - headed by
Redxep Tchosya - invited the Albanian intelligentsia to become involved
in the promotion of "spiritual, cultural and national
unity".

In March 1993, president Berisha # sent an appeal to the NATO Command for
Europe to seize the Kosovo and Metohija area with its troops and
"prevent Serbian expansionism" forgetting the fact that he was
referring to a part of the territory of the Republic of Serbia and that
aggression and invasion of one's own territory has never been carried out
and that the very idea of such an action is absurd. However, by admitting
that the crisis that was shaking Yugoslavia has its roots in Kosovo and
Metohija - confirmed by the numerous appeals to the West, mostly for
political and military intervention in this territory - president Berisha
and Dr. Rugova # jointly asked that a UN controlled international
protectorate be introduced for Kosovo and Metohija or a military
intervention be carried out by NATO # or at least by EU multi-national
forces. Albania went a step further to help the NATO intervention and
placed all its ports and military infrastructure at the disposal of the
western alliance.

In February 1994, Albania signed the "Partnership for Peace"
agreement with NATO. Consequently the Kosovo and Metohija policy was
partially placed in the hands of the Alliance. Nevertheless, Albania
continued to use every available opportunity to show its interest for
Kosovo and Metohija, and it did not give up its support to the
"Republic of Kosova" and demonstrated it by organizing the
"Busati 95 maneuvers along the Yugoslav-Albanian border. It was
meant to show its military prowess for the adventure of intervening in
Kosovo and Metohija "should the situation require it" and
should the West allow it.

The awareness that the international community, NATO, the US and the West
in general are not completely prepared to endorse secessionism in Kosovo
and Metohija unconditionally, enormous economic problems domestically,
financial swindles and the sudden impoverishment of the already poor
Albanian population in Albania, brought about the downfall of the Berisha
policy and a rebellion, that soon spread all over the national territory,
turning into uncontrolled plundering, robberies and disintegration of the
entire state apparatus, including the Army and the Police, with the
consequent rise of organized crime of all kinds with strong terrorist
connotations. In such a situation, the only message that president
Berisha addressed to the secessionist leaders was that they "must
realize that democracy involves compromises" and that Albania is
endorsing only the demands referring to the reinstatement of the autonomy
that the province previously enjoyed according to the 1974 Constitution
of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.

Soon after, at the parliamentary elections organized and supervised by
the western countries, Mr. Berisha lost his office, and a new and
apparently more moderate set of politicians - headed by Mr. Fatos Nano #
- came to power. 

Meanwhile, the Islamic fundamentalist movement gained momentum in the
country, an in accordance with the decision on full membership for
Albania, passed by the Organization of Islamic Conference in 1994, a very
strong system, quite convincing and agreeable to the masses, began to
operate. Turkey, Iran, Pakistan and some other Group D-8countries assumed
the role of bearers of Islamic "aid".

Under the influence of militant Islamism and with the support of western
countries, after a temporary departure from the Kosovo secessionist
ideas, and following the meeting between the Albanian premier and the
president of FRY on Crete (1997), the Albanian policy concerning Kosovo
and Metohija, FRY and Serbia, was brought back on the old track, this
time with the idea that "negotiations between FRY and the leadership
of the ethnic Albanians from Kosovo should start from elements founded on
the 1974 Constitution of SFRY in order to find a solution that might
satisfy the ethnic Albanian majority in Kosovo". Furthermore, the
same side insisted that talks should be under the control of a
"third side", i.e., sponsored by some international community
institution. At the same time, terrorist activities were intensified in
Kosovo and Metohija, as well as the propaganda aimed at the international
community, and pressures made by the sponsors of the Albanian separatism
- especially the US, a certain number of Western countries and several
Islamic countries. Along with all this, the foreign intelligence services
stepped up the efforts to organize, concentrate, and provide financial
and political aid to the secessionists through the deployment of various
emissaries, delegations, groups of monitors, humanitarian organizations.
Illegal channels were also used to provide arms and military equipment,
secret military training was organized for terrorists and other
inadmissible forms of activities were used. This unveiled the ties
between the Albanian political parties and the terrorists came to the
surface.

When doctor Fehmi Vulya # - head of the surgery department of the general
hospital in Djakovica was arrested in June 1998, the plan for the
creation of the so-called "Republic of Kosova free territory"
was discovered. Doctor Vulya used the cover of alleged
"humanitarian" efforts in the zone around De~ani (close to the
Albanian border), but as he later confessed to the investigators, he was
the "coordinator of the armed activities together with the local
activists of the Democratic League of Kosovo, Parliamentary Party and
Social-Democratic Party, with the assignment to create a territory where
free Kosovo might be proclaimed". Acting from behind the scene - and
posing as the "people's candidate" he was supposed to be
proclaimed president of such "free territory" administered from
Djakovica. The would-be president also confessed that he and his
collaborators expected the international community to recognize their
terrorist gangs as a "liberation army", with the consequent
international state recognition of the territory it was supposed to
control. They even had a government ready, voted in March 1998 by the
majority of the "deputies" of the phantasmal parliament of the
inexistent republic.

International community support was far from what they had hoped for -
both in its scope and volume. The support was not increased in spite of
the "reputation of the mother country" that staked all it had
in favor of the "Republic of Kosova". 

The "Kosovo
Liberation Army"

In mid-1997, The New
York Times # published an interview with a member of the terrorist
organization that calls itself "Kosovo Liberation Army".
Although there were previous "rumors" about a broadly organized
terrorist organization in Kosovo and Metohija, operating according to the
principles and standards of world-known terrorist organizations and
groups, this was the first time that a member of the ethnic Albanian
extremist-terrorist organization appeared in the media to "explain
the program and the objectives his organization is 'fighting'
for".

What is the
"Kosovo Liberation Army"?

Asked by the reporte=
r
to explain what is "Kosovo Liberation Army" doing in Kosovo and
Metohija, the interviewed terrorist presented gross fabrications about
the situation in the province, including the statement that "Kosovo
was once part of Albania and after World War One it was given to the
Kingdom of Yugoslavia".

Trying to give his readers a closer profile of the "Kosovo
Liberation Army", the journalist openly stated that this
"army" is "actually a shadow group that launched the
campaign for armed struggle with the objective to make Kosovo free and
independent of Serbian control". The interviewed KLA
"leader" stressed that the members of this "army" in
spite of the accusations made against them "are nothing like the
IRA", or any other terrorist organizations in the world. "We
are autochthonous, and above all Albanians. We have the support of
practically entire Albanian population in Kosovo," - the "KLA
leader" using the name Alban said. "We carry out attacks
against the representatives of the Serbian government and the regime
imposed on us. Our targets are the secret police and those Albanians that
are collaborating with the Serbian regime."

The NYT reporter specified that the "Kosovo Liberation Army"
has strong financial backing because it is being helped by some 700 000
Albanians living abroad, and that the "army" is to become one
of the "leading Albanian players" in the near future. This is
probably why the other secessionist leaders in Kosovo and Metohija have
common stand about the "army". Dr. Rugova # "ignores the
existence of such an organization"; Dematchy # is appealing the
"army" to stop its activities during the elections for
"Republic of Kosova institutions"; Tchosya # believes the
"the organization is weak and being manipulated"; Bukoshy # -
the "prime minister" asserts that he is the one to finance the
equipment, training and operations of the "army"...

The article revealed that the Albanian emigrants living in Germany and
Switzerland are giving up to 3% of their earnings to finance the
"army and government" in Pri{tina and that as the financing is
concerned, Swiss authorities have "registered" that the
Albanians are becoming more and more involved in arms smuggling and
narcotics production and sale, let alone other forms of crime
(counterfeiting money, financial malversations etc.) Part of the income
from all these criminal activities is allocated to finance the existence
of the self-proclaimed government, terrorists, "information
centers", foreign PR agencies such as Hill & Norton, Rudder
Finn (recently renamed Global Agency), individual lobbyists in
the US Congress and others. Finally, the cost of the
"elections" held in March 22 1998, the election campaign, the
propaganda material used abroad, mass demonstrations by "pupils and
students" and other secessionist activities must be covered and
requires strong financial backing, this being the reason for increasing
the shakedown of the "supporting members". Those that are not
prepared to make such sacrifices for the "Republic of Kosova"
usually have to face the "duties collectors" and sometimes even
executioners. 

Interviewed by The Washington Post # reporter a group of American
Albanians living in Bronx, revealed that one way or the other most of
them are "helping the movement in Kosovo". Obviously, the money
and other aid is collected through branches and sent by couriers to
Kosovo and Metohija or paid in on various bank accounts or individual
accounts in Albania. The same article revealed that in December 1997 some
3-4 million dollars were collected and money transfers through banks more
than 500.000 dollars were paid in the accounts of the "army "
representatives in America or Europe. Does all that money arrive on
destination?

Interestingly enough, US legislation does not prohibit the collection of
donations for rebel organizations, groups or "armies", nor is
it a crime for an individual or group to join these organizations -
except when such an organization, group or "army" is on the
list of terrorist groups and organizations prepared by the State
Department.

State Department officials stress that every American caught smuggling
arms to Kosovo will be legally prosecuted for the breach of the
international embargo on purchase and sale of arms imposed on Yugoslavia
with a UN Security Council Resolution.

Terrorist in Kosovo and Metohija have received important reinforcements
in arms and manpower, after the Albanian government collapsed in the
spring of 1997. Therefore "rebels" or "guerrilla" as
the journalist Chris Hedges # likes to call Albanian terrorists, are
enlarging their "military formations". Groups that counted four
or five men until a few days ago now doubled their strength with the
arrival of new guerrillas and arms smuggled across the Yugoslav-Albanian
border. Without any negative remark about it, Mr. Hedges also reveals
that "guerrillas" have been joined by foreign mercenaries.
"Those mercenaries speak Albanian with a strong foreign accent, but
otherwise they are good in everything else" - concludes Mr. Hedges.
However he does remark that the behavior and the stories told by the
mercenaries reveal their experience "from having taken part in
various other wars", and some of them can not hide obvious racial
characteristics of their land of origin. Along with the mercenaries,
Albanians working in Switzerland and Germany have also arrived in Kosovo
and Metohija. Most of them infiltrated Kosovo and Metohija from Albania
"where they quickly purchased arms and equipment in magazines
camouflaged along the border". They were guided across the border to
Kosovo and Metohija by local guides and smugglers, often underage
shepherds.

"Immediate sources" are quoted by the same reporter in stating
that in 1997 rebels have carried out numerous attacks on "Serbian
Police, officials and ethnic Albanians" he calls collaborationists.
This clearly reveals his intention to distort the true state of things
and bend the facts to make them fit the needs of the party that
commissioned the interview.

A similar journalistic style can be observed in articles authored by
Stacey Sullivan. In them, no attempt is made to conceal the partiality so
that "rebels" and "guerrilla" are fighting for the
right thing for national goals - against the=20
"oppressors".

Mr. Hedges, unlike his colleague Sullivan confesses that the "Kosovo
Liberation Army" still has no "political wing" and ranges
ideologically from left-wingers - followers of Enver Hodxa the former
Stalinist leader of Albania, to monarchist that are still mourning the
monarchy they would like to reinstate in Kosovo and Metohija and finally
Moslems that blindly follow their religious leaders and strictly apply
the rules given in the Koran. The alleged presence of the monarchist
faction among the Albanian terrorists is used to promote the thesis that
the ethnic Albanians in Kosovo and Metohija once had a state - a kingdom,
destroyed by Serbia. Interestingly enough a host of "unspecified
diplomats" surfaced immediately to explain that the ideological
diversity is the actual obstacle for forming the political wing of the
"liberation movement". This is supposed to promote the stand on
the need to help the Albanian terrorist organization become a
military-political organization representing a national-liberation
movement.

However, Mr. Hedges could not omit the statement - typical of all
terrorists and "unspecified" diplomats he interviewed- that
"Serbs are to be driven out from Kosovo and Metohija".

The most interesting thing is that all these "freedom fighters"
think or say very little about freedom. The experience a group of ethnic
Albanians from Kosovo had in Albania in 1997 has become anecdotal:
"A group of Albanians from Kosovo went to visit the mother country
craving 'freedom', but there they were stopped, arrested, and harassed by
some armed gang in Tirana. When they were released thanks to the
intervention of the Yugoslav embassy, they hightailed to Yugoslavia 'the
dungeon of all Albanians'. " 

Profile of a
terrorist

Terrorism in Kosovo
and Metohija, especially in the zone of Drenica, has roots in the remote
past and a long evolution. The term most frequently used in those parts
to designate terrorism and terrorist activities is Ka~a{tvo. The
basic meaning of the word ka~ak(which has Turkish etymology) is
brigand, rebel to the authorities, deserter, robber. The term ka~a{tvo
derives from it and means banditry, brigandage, pillaging,
terrorism... The Turks used this term to designate the Albanian outlaws
that hid in the mountain or in the house of an accomplice and robbed
caravans, lonely travelers or isolated farms. They operated in Serbia,
Albania, Macedonia, Montenegro and sometimes the ventured on expeditions
north along the Adriatic coast as far as the coastal towns of Dubrovnik
and Ston. The word ka~ak was also used for anything transported,
bought or sold without the knowledge of the authorities - tobacco for
example. Ka~aci were particularly active at the end of 19th
century and at the beginning of the 20th century. In certain periods,
groups or individuals that fought against the Turks were called
ka~aci. After the Balkan wars and the First World War, western
Macedonia, Kosovo and Metohija and southeast Montenegro were frequently
raided by ka~aci from Albania. This went on until 1919 and locals
and Serbian Army units suffered significant losses. They were defeated
and eliminated in a determined operation carried out by the Gendarmerie
and the Royal Yugoslav Army. Individually o in smaller groups, ka~aci
remained active as far as 1926. The most famous ka~aci from
the period around 1914 when their raiding was fiercest were: Hassan
Prishtina, Bayram Tzuri, and Issa Bolyetintzi, that lead a rebellion
against the Serbian authorities with the sponsorship of the
Austrian-Hungarian government. In fact, throughout World War One,
ka~aci inflicted great losses and caused enormous damages by
terrorizing the local population wherever they operated.

During and after World War Two, Drenica was the stronghold of the ethnic
Albanian Ballist formations that were Nazi allies throughout the
war. The town is still a specific lair of outlaws and terrorists, that
still live on crime and violence like in ancient times.

The intensification of terrorism in the zone of Drenica since 1991, is
merely the revitalization of old political ideas and programs, their
essence being unchanged - secession of Kosovo and Metohija from Serbia
and its annexation to Albania. One of the leaders and founders of the
criminal-terrorist group that operated in the territory around the
village of Donji Prekaz, was Adem Yashari.

He was a rather primitive man without any education who came to Serbia in
1991 after going through commando-terrorist training in Albania the year
before. Having completed his terrorist training, Adem Yashari came to
Yugoslavia with the rank of major in the Albanian Army, and started
organizing illegal shipments of arms from Albania and other countries. He
then created a terrorist group recruiting his relatives, friends and
sympathizers. The group set up its base in Donji Prekaz, Adem Yashari's
native village. At the end of 1991, when they were discovered by the
police, Adem Yashari and other two terrorist opened fire on the police
officers that were about to arrest them. Two policemen were wounded and
the terrorist managed to escape.

Using standard channels, and relying on the logistic support of the
Albanian civil and army intelligence, Adem Yashari continued his
terrorist activities. Between 1992 and 1997, six indictments were raised
against him and his associates. In July 1997 he was tried in absence by
the County Court in Pri{tina, and sentenced to 20 years of imprisonment
for terrorist activities punishable by the Criminal Code of the Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia.

During the trial, it had been found that Adem Yashari - acting as the
leader of the terrorist group from the village of Donji Prekaz - directly
participated in a number of terrorist attacks the most important being:
attack on a police patrol at the railroad crossing near Glogovac (1993)
and attack on a police unit in the village of [ipolje (near Kosovska
Mitrovica) (1996). In these two attacks, three policemen were killed and
five were seriously wounded.

Policemen and Ministry of Interior officers were not the only targets and
victims of this terrorist gang. They also attacked fellow Albanians that
opposed terrorism or expressed loyalty to the state authorities and Serbs
- just because they were Serbs. There was also a growing number of
complaints against Yashari and his group because of his arrogance in
confront of local Albanians in the Drenica area.

Over the time the activities of Adem Yashari's terrorist group based in
the village of Donji Prekaz, became a serious threat to public security
in the Drenica zone and even in Kosovo and Metohija. Due to the support
from Albanian emigrants, condescending attitude of various countries and
major logistic support from Albania, the Donji Prekaz terrorist group -
before it was liquidated on March 6th 1998 - managed to smuggle into the
country a large shipment of arms, ammunition, explosive and other
equipment needed to continue the terrorist operations.

State bodies had discovered that final preparations were being made by
the group to intensify the incidents and spread armed conflicts with the
police and Yugoslav Army units, in order to de-stabilize the situation in
this part of Serbia, and influence the events in Yugoslavia and the
Balkans.

The anti-terrorist operation carried out in the village of Donji Prekaz
by the Ministry of Interior unveiled the determination of the terrorists
to escalate their operations, just as it revealed the determination of
the authorities to impede this. 

During the anti-terrorist operation, Adem Yashari and his group showed
their fanatical character. Having brutally ordered his relatives to
fight, Yashari personally killed his nephew for "cowardice",
and then created a live shield using women and children hoping to gain
time until reinforcements arrive and expecting that the entire Albanian
population from the Drenica zone will run to his aid. This did not
happen. 

"Dogs of War"=
;
are arriving

"Dogs of
war" come to Kosovo and Metohija from Afghanistan, Chechenia,
Turkey, Pakistan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and western Europe.
They all converge to the Albanian town of Tropoya - hometown of former
Albanian president Sali Berisha.

 From Tropoya, foreign mercenaries cross over to FR Yugoslavia lead by
terrorists that go to Albania for training or to get shipments of arms
for their co-fighters. More often than not, "dogs of war" like
to be distinguished and therefore wear black uniforms. This is the
conclusion investigators reached after examining the remains of dozens of
mercenaries liquidated within Yugoslav territory. Besides the uniform,
modern automatic weapons and large quantities of ammunition, most of them
were also armed with pocket editions of Koran and prayer beads. This was
characteristic for the terrorist group eliminated at the beginning of
July 1998 in the Djakovica border zone.

Albanian emigrants' clubs and the branch offices of the Democratic League
of Kosovo, and Parliamentary Party of Kosovo are the main centers for the
recruitment of mercenaries in Islamic and western countries.

As domestic and foreign reporters have found out, monthly pay of a
mercenary ranges between five and fifteen thousand German marks, together
with the right to a share in loot. For example before being razed to the
ground, all 37 Serbian homes in the villages of Dubo~ak and Kru{evac
(near the town of Pe}) were systematically searched and stripped of all
worth taking. However, according to the confession of the captured
mercenaries, and in view of numerous reports by foreign media, very few
mercenaries received their pay, because the funds managed by Buyar
Bukoshi # - "prime minister" of the phantom republic and
would-be head financier of the KLA terrorists - takes good care not to
spend the "war budget". In fact, most of the legionnaires -
having carried out their assignment - are liquidated by special groups of
"enforcers". The benefit is double no money is spent on
mercenaries, and unpleasant witnesses are disposed of.

The presence of foreign mercenaries, especially Islam-oriented
extremists, has been confirmed by the US State Secretary representative
Robert Gelbard ##. At the end of June 1998, he stated in Washington that
"according to US sources, Moslem fundamentalist groups, including
Iranian and Chechen, are offering their aid to the Albanians in Kosovo.
In fact, "commandant Hattab" an Islamic legionnaire from
Jordan, having fought in Afghanistan and Chechenia, came to Kosovo and
Metohija as a mercenary paid by the so-called Islamic International. Just
like him, many others that learned their "trade" in Lebanon,
came to Kosovo and Metohija. This was made evident by the change in
technique and tactics of the terrorist attacks: time bombs were placed in
public areas in Pri{tina, Pe} and Kosovska Mitrovica, drive-by
assassinations, car-bombs set off etc. 

Mr. Richard Holbrooke ## - UN ambassador to the UN, stated in an
interview for the German weekly Der Vohe that Albanian terrorists
are receiving - from their supporters in Germany, Denmark and Switzerland
- large sums and men to form units that are to fight against Serbia and
FR Yugoslavia. "I have realized during my stay in Kosovo and
Metohija how important are countries like Germany, Switzerland and
Denmark for collecting funds and recruiting men for the 'Kosovo
Liberation Army'" - he said.

What Mr. Holbrooke ## finally revealed at the beginning of July '98,
people that surf the Internet have known a long time ago. Terrorist from
Kosovo and Metohija have published a list of countries and numbers of
bank accounts that the "war tax" is to be paid in. The proper
use of these funds is "warranted by the Government of the Republic
of Kosovo".

The "Kosovo Liberation Army" financing and training system is
based on the functioning of the "Fatherland Calls" Foundation
with offices in Dusseldorf and Bonn in Germany, Stockholm and Malm=F6 in
Sweden, Bern and Geneva in Switzerland, Brussels in Belgium, Graz and
Vienna in Austria, Trieste, Bari and Rome in Italy, Ismir in Turkey,
Khartoum in Sudan etc. In fact, terrorists and secessionists from Kosovo
and Metohija are not hiding the fact that they are collecting "war
taxes and levies" needed to intensify the violence in Kosovo and
Metohija.

In exchange for money thus collected, and for other motives, certain
Islamic countries are shipping large quantities of arms to the Albanians
in Kosovo and Metohija. It is a known fact that the late Iranian leader
Ayatollah Homeini strongly advocated the Islamization of Kosovo and
Metohija at any cost. The objective was to link Kosovo and Metohija to
Bosnia and Herzegovina via the region of Sand`ak and thus create what he
called "the green crosscut". Furthermore, the "Albanian
Islamic International" an informal association of all Moslems
Albanian organizations, calls for a more radical approach. In this, it
has the backing of the "Islamic International" ever since 1995,
when this organization held its congress in Khartoum. Both
"internationals" take care to provide "Kosovo Liberation
Army" all the men and arms it needs.

The terrorist activity in Kosovo and Metohija has been particularly
intensified after the civil war broke out in former Yugoslavia and
Islamic extremist organizations and movements became increasingly
involved in the conflict between Moslems, Serbs and Croats in Bosnia and
Herzegovina. Amongst other "volunteers", members of Hesbollah,
Hammas, various Palestinian fractions etc. appeared in the Balkans for
the first time. Iran even sent the complete 7th brigade of the
Revolutionary Guard to help the Bosnian Moslems directly, and Turkey
selected men for its contingent in the international forces: practically
all were of Yugoslav descent - from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo and
Metohija and Macedonia. When the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina ended, a
large number of those "Islamic fighters" stayed back and then
secretly went to Albania or to Kosovo and Metohija. As the secessionist
tendencies grew stronger and the number of potential terrorists expanded,
the terrorist activities in Kosovo and Metohija progressively grew in
1996, 1997 and especially in 1998. In this domain, certain terrorists'
tendencies can be observed. The first is that the attacks against the
Serbian population, state bodies and representatives were expanded to
include all those that do not support terrorists and their objectives.
Analyses have shown that the number of individuals killed - regardless of
their nationality - rose steeply compared to the previous period. The
second is that attacks are directed on areas where ethnic cleansing has
not been completed, and the third is to conquer as much territory as
possible to ensure a sufficient area for the movement, preparation and
recruitment of men. All this is obviously part of the preparation for
secession which will start as soon as domestic and foreign political
conditions allow it. Statistics corroborate these observations. Between
January 1991 and July 9th 1998, 797 terrorist attacks have been staged in
Kosovo and Metohija. The growth index in the first semester of 1998 was
10 times greater than in the whole of 1997, and four times greater than
in the 1991-1997 period. Between January 1st and July 9th 1998, 663
terrorist attacks have been made. Out of this number, 37.3% involved
attacks on police installations and personnel. Along with this 401
terrorist attack was directed against citizens and private property
causing the death of 48 people - 28 Albanians, 18 Serbs and 2 members of
the Romany community.

Kidnappings, a specialty imported with the near-east terrorists, are used
to obtain political concessions, intimidation, ransom or exchange for
captured terrorists. 72 individuals have been kidnapped: 48 Serbs and
Montenegrins, 18 Albanians, 4 Gypsies, 1 Moslem and 1 citizen of FYRO
Macedonia. After being abducted, 13 individuals were killed.

Automatic weapons were used 256 times, bazookas and armor-piercing
weaponry 63 times, sniper rifles 36 times, hand grenades and various
explosive devices 19 times, pistols 2 times, arson and destruction of
buildings in other ways (usually entire villages of village quarters) 4
times. In the remaining incidents, the action was also performed under
the threat of firearms. Furthermore, there were 29 cases of farmhouses
being raided with subsequent theft of property and livestock.

Profession -
Terrorist

The Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia has an important strategic position in the Balkans: it links
the Adriatic Sea to Romania and Bulgaria, dominates the central course of
the Danube, and all communication directions and natural corridors from
north-west to the south-east cross its territory. In this sense, nothing
has changed since the times that old geopolitical ideas were formulated -
embodied by the syntagma Drang Nach Osten, but applicable the
other way around as well - The Road to the West. The
disintegration of former Yugoslavia and the creation of new states
instead, with ethnic and religious conflicts smoldering between them
along with other types of antagonisms, unveiled serious problems
regarding new state borders - especially in view of the
internationalization of the Serbian national question. In this sense, a
stable internal and international status is has primary importance for
the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. This includes a modified and adapted
position of Kosovo and Metohija and of the Ra{ka region (Sand~ak) because
they lie along the direction going from Macedonia to Bosnia thus
representing a new (old) link along the so-called "Green
Crosscut".

With all that, the struggle against the growing secessionist forces and
terrorism, and the persistent efforts made by foreign factors to have a
decisive influence on the internal affairs of Serbia and FR Yugoslavia,
must be the basic and permanent strategy for all Yugoslav state policy
entities. This is made important by the fact that non-Balkan and above
all non-Yugoslav factors tolerating, supporting and inciting terrorism
are continuing the strategy for the atomization of the Yugoslav
territories ant the introduction of a political, social and economic
instability.

The latest movements on the ethnic Albanian political scene can be
clearly qualified as radicalization of both stands and activities. Such
radicalization - including the growing number of terrorist actions - has
reached the point when political solutions for the existing situation can
not be contemplated without serious considerations about the dangers that
an escalated use of force might create.

Newspapers in Albanian, freely published in Kosovo and Metohija, are
filled with articles trying to minimize any Albanian secessionist
motivations in the terrorist attacks, and describe them as a political
reaction and armed resistance to the "Serbian aggression". In
these efforts, all those accused or indicted for terrorism are
immediately qualified as victims of state repression and turned into
national heroes.

Police operations are interpreted as provocation intended to cause major
conflicts. Such constructions - prompted by the creators of wars and
rebellions - are to prepare the ground for justifying and armed actions
of the ethnic Albanian terrorists.

This is obviously a way of inspiring lawlessness, destabilization of the
existing state, chaos and disorder. Such an environment suits best
criminals, terrorists and anarchists. The "profits" are the
greatest and no one can control them. "Alban" and others like
him maybe do not know this and think that they are fighting form some
"justice". However, those that are manipulating them, know
perfectly how to use them for their objectives - a long way from
romanticism and patriotism. In this game "Alban" and other
pawns like him are bound to be discarded as soon as they fulfill their
purpose. Their ideologists and the sponsors of their ideologists will
easily find new pawns should they need them.

Will the west repeat the mistakes it made in Bosnia and Herzegovina, now
that it's dealing with Kosovo and Metohija? If in the case of Bosnia the
Clinton Administration could say that it is "facing a difficult
situation of the civilian Moslem population in Bosnia" (which was a
deceit of the American and international public), and that "the US
had no alternative but to tacitly allow Islamic aid to Bosnia and
Herzegovina" (in spite of the fact that this aid was organized by
Iran), in the case of Kosovo and Metohija it will not be able to invoke
such justifications. Still, by allowing the Iranian involvement in and
around Sarajevo, the White House actively induced the continuation of the
"Kosovo Crisis", even though it was plain as day that the main
forces of the local Moslems were controlled by Islamic terrorist forces
and sponsored by Iran. No humanitarian crisis or any other argument can
justify such American policy unless one anticipates the outcome of
actions favoring militant Islamism.

On the other hand, the Iranian attempt to infiltrate and fortify Islamic
extremist ideas in Europe is part of the plan to establish global Islamic
domination. Traditionally the shortest way from the Islamic lands to the
"heart of Europe" goes across the Balkans. Bearing in mind the
persistent attempts made over the years to create the so-called Green
Crosscut and establish Islamic domination along it, then the Iranian
involvement in support of the terrorists in Kosovo and Metohija is much
clearer. Are only those carrying out physical violence terrorists, or is
it also anyone inciting, financing and supporting terrorists, providing
them with varied aid in their criminal activities justly condemned by the
world community?

The numerous disappointing attempts to clear this essential question made
by the international community over the years, clearly reveal the
complexity and difficulty this problem entails. In fact, son after World
War Two, this issue was taken up by the United Nations. In fact the 2nd
UN General Assembly Session held on November 21st 1947, passed the
Resolution No. 177/II, instructing the Committee for International Law to
prepare a draft code of crimes against peace and security of mankind. In
1954, the Committee submitted the draft code, and one of the articles it
contained read as follows: "Undertaking or encouraging terrorists
activities by the authorities of a country in some other country, or
tolerance by the authorities of a country of organized activities
intended for carrying out terrorist acts in an another country, are
hereby proclaimed crimes against peace and security of
mankind."

UN member countries displayed the inability to harmonize their positions
on the draft document on various occasions, especially after the
kidnapping and assassination of the Israeli athletes at the Munich
Olympics in 1972 - carried out by Palestinian terrorists. The difference
of opinions about terrorists was not overcome even on internal
anti-terrorist meetings held in Sharm El Sheyk (March 13th 1996), in
Cairo (July 30th 1997) and in Paris (July 31st 1997). The meeting of the
Islamic countries held in Teheran that same year also failed to produce
an agreement by all sides. Instead, plans and resolutions were offered at
meetings involving international community representatives of various
levels, and due to the different interests of individual countries they
have never been generally accepted principles.

A definite solution to the question who is actually a terrorist would
certainly help reduce terrorism in the world. In this sense, the opinion
of numerous international anti-terrorism experts should be taken into
account: they believe that terrorism by non-government subjects would be
negligible and even eradicated if it were denied government support.
Since every state is capable of protecting itself from domestic
terrorism, or at least should be capable, these opinions are completely
founded. In the case of the terrorism by Albanian extremists against FR
Yugoslavia, the viewpoint mentioned above is quite recognizable. The
hotbed of such terrorism is in Kosovo and Metohija, it is enacted by
ethnic Albanian extremists and they are being helped by foreign powers.
The relative Yugoslav and Serbian authorities have taken timely and
efficient measures to prevent ethnic Albanian terrorists from using mass
violence in order to incite a rebellion and carryout the secession. The
sentences passed by the County Court in Pri{tina on July 15th 1994. are a
good example of an efficient defense against terrorism. The trial
involved 14 members of the self-appointed ministry of defense of the
"Republic of Kosova" who were accused and found guilty of
acting according to instructions from the Democratic League of Kosovo and
organizing - since 1990 - the "Kosovo Liberation Army" with the
comprehensive aid from Albania and several radical Islamic countries.
Their sentences ranged from 1 to 8 years of imprisonment. Yugoslav and
Serbian authorities showed the same determination and efficiency against
direct terrorists when the violence escalated in the first half of 1998
in the Drenica zone and certain parts of Metohija.

However, ethnic Albanians that carried out the terrorist attacks are the
result of coordinated and continued efforts by several foreign factors
and only the tip of the iceberg.

Just as foreign sponsors used various methods to incite terrorists in
Kosovo and Metohija over the past few years, an equally broad range of
counter-measures exists that can be used to stop them immediately or
quite rapidly. The principal role in suppressing or completely
neutralizing these terrorists can be played by Albania, because thousands
of terrorists from Kosovo and Metohija have been trained there and it is
supplying them with large quantities of arms and ammunition. Similar
actions could be taken by other Islamic countries, especially the members
of the D-8 Group of most developed Islamic countries. Similar influence
might be exerted by the western countries especially the US and Germany
because Albania is very much interested in becoming member of European
and global economic, financial and political associations and
institutions.

The moment that in Albania or some other country where terrorists are
training, hiding or recuperating, some of them is arrested for terrorism
or conspiracy to commit terrorist activities and extradited to Yugoslav
authorities, terrorism in Yugoslavia will certainly die down and probably
even stop. If this doesn't occur, terrorists from Kosovo and Metohija
would be given better treatment internationally that those belonging to
other terrorist organizations and groups elsewhere in the world.

On the other hand, the danger exist that Albanian terrorism might get out
of control, and hook up with other terrorist organizations and groups
throughout the world, and with international organized crime. This would
create a specific international criminal-terrorist international. In that
case the battle against such a form of international evil will become
much more difficult if not impossible. 

Finally, if the ties between terrorism and other forms of crime are
considered - especially organized crime, drug-mafia, illegal trade
involving arms, military equipment, "white slavery" and toxic
waste, several questions come up. Is being a terrorist a profession? Are
we to be faced with a terrorist union one day? If training centers for
terrorists exist, does this imply the existence of schools for terrorist
instructors, teachers and professors? How far can the existence of
terrorism be tolerated?

Back in March 1998, newspapers published in Albanian in Kosovo and
Metohija and some of the magazines published in Tirana confirmed that in
Metohija and in the zone around Drenica foreign mercenaries are operating
- "professionals" as they were called in the articles. Most of
them came from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Albania and Pakistan. When a
terrorist group was liquidated in the vicinity of Djakovica on May 3rd
1998, one of the "ebony colored terrorists" had a letter in his
pocket identifying him as Jaber Immad El Madedin from Sudan. Iran and
some other radical Islamic countries offered to help the "Kosovo
Liberation Army" by sending instructors and trained troops. Certain
KLA members in the US remarked that "it would not be nice to refuse
such aid since it is welcome, especially the aid from radical Islamic
countries in case that the Serbs were to launch a violent
offensive".

On the other hand, secessionist representatives in Switzerland deny any
ties between ethnic Albanians in Kosovo and Mujahedins, religion and
mercenaries. "There are only volunteers", they say, but do not
deny the fact that large numbers of Mujahedins that fought in Bosnia and
Herzegovina for the Moslems "wound up in Kosovo and Metohija"
by using "channels and contacts known only to them, and backed by
financial support from the world" in order that they might
"carry out Allah's orders" right there - in Kosovo and
Metohija. "Aid" sent by foreigners "is coming from all
over the world" boast the secessionist media. Obviously the
profession - terrorist (e.g. specialized mercenary) is one of the oldest
trades in the world and is still attracting many "dogs of war"
especially if there are prospects of pillage, violence, rape and
vandalism. Many of them aren't lucky and "work" just that once.
Others turn their "experience" into a profit making business by
becoming managers for mercenaries. In Bristol (Great Britain) the
association of "international fighters" has been founded. Its
prime objective, adopted by the founding assembly which was chaired by
the Dutchman Raymond Der Linde is to "realize the rights of those
foreign soldiers that failed to realize the rights defenders of Croatia
are entitled to". Interestingly enough, the Association has good and
well developed ties with the representatives of the "Kosovo
Liberation Army". One of the arrangements concerns the creation of a
terrorist training camp. One such camp is already operating in the
Bosnian village of Mahuri}. This is where the Palestinian Abu Hamzeh was
trained before coming as a "skilled defender of Islam" to
Kosovo and Metohija. That's where he died.

The "terrorist international" is beginning to take shape.
Should it be allowed to develop fully? The best protection for the future
is to promote realism. Otherwise terrorism will become a serious threat
for mankind. Countries should strengthen cooperation at least on the
bilateral level where it is much easier to find fertile ground for
international security interests or for exchange of information. Finally,
good results can be achieved by strategically using the weaknesses of the
existing terrorist formations and those still in the making, especially
internal discord and not always good relations between the leaders and
the field groups, especially if some of them intend to secure political
leadership as well.

It would be illusory to rely on the quick and simultaneous elimination of
the factors that stimulate, incite and revitalize terrorism, although it
can be restricted with adequate measures. Therefore it must not be given
hope because it sustains and strengthens it. 

Perseverance and coherence is quintessential in the battle against
terrorism. As well as intransigence, efficacy and clarity - terrorism
must not become a profession, nor turn into a force dictating conditions
to the society.

Bibliography

=B7       G=E9rard
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=B7       Defense
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=B7       Stanislas
Farago, Spymasters, New York, 1972 

=B7       Pierre-Marie
Gallois, G=E9opolitique, Plon, Paris, 1990 

=B7       Kosovo
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=B7       Milan
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=B7       Milan
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=B7       Hugo
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=B7       G=E9rard
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