From: "Lorr. B." 
Subject: IUFO: (part 1) Science of Free Energy
Date: 20 Sep 1998 00:19:54 -0400
To: iufo@world.std.com


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First, please read the message "IUFO: (Fwd) What UFOs REALLY are"
posted by Mr. Wingate. There you will learn why the Secret Government
doesn't want Free Energy to be known to the public. Here in this
message. I'll share about the scientific basis of Free Energy. You
might wonder when you read the message above why public scientists
didn't share about them when there is really a basis about Free
Energy. The fact is that they do. But they are harassed never endingly
by different sectors of society especially elements of the Secret
Government in a united effort to prevent the introduction of Free
Energy to the public.

What follows is part 1 of 4 about the science of Free Energy written
by Jeane Manning (very interesting stuff I will say).  If possible.
Cut beginning this part and post these to web sites or forward to
mailing lists.

------------------------------

A New Physics for a New Energy Source
by Jeanne Manning

"Today the vacuum [of space] is not regarded as empty.... It is a sea
of dynamic energy . . . like the spray of foam near a turbulent
waterfall."  - Harold Puthoff, Physicist


Moray B. King, a graduate student at the University of Pennsylvania,
risked upsetting a committee of engineering professors in 1978 with
his proposal for a doctoral thesis topic that energy could be tapped
from space. The personable, good humored King had not set out to
shock. In fact, as a dutiful systems engineering student, he had at
first accepted the standard view that the vacuum of space is useless
as an energy source.

However, King had become intrigued with a new idea a couple of summers
before, after reading a book about UFOs. In his search through the
physics literature for principles that would allow for antigravity, he
ran across a concept that interested him even more something called
"zero-point energy." It not only allowed for anti- gravity, it also
allowed for an abundant source of energy.


WHAT DO THE TEXTBOOKS SAY?

Most scientists and engineers have been taught that the vacuum of
space is completely empty and still in the absence of heat, light, and
matter. Unless a student is studying quantum mechanics, his or her
textbook never mentions zero-point energy.

The quantum mechanics student does learn that the fabric of space
consists of random fluctuations of electricity. He or she also learns
that these fluctuations are collectively called zero-point energy
because they represent the energy that is present even at a
temperature of absolute zero, the temperature at which everything is
completely cold. It is the energy that exists when all other sources
of energy are taken away.   

This energy is difficult to detect because it is everywhere. Expecting
someone to sense it is like asking a fish to detect the ocean; the
fish has no concept of a world that isn't an ocean. Similarly, the
fluctuations of electricity that make up space energy are too
microscopic and too quick for us to sense them, either with our bodies
or with standard detection equipment.

Why did Moray King's engineering professors fail to teach him about
zero-point energywhat we refer to in this book as space energy? The
reason is that scientists assume that these vacuum fluctuations simply
even out. They call this the second law of thermodynamics, also known
as the law of entropy. Under this law, everything is doomed to
increasing disorder, until all comes to a dead rest. This means that,
according to traditional science, space energy cannot be put to any
practical purpose because its ran domness cannot be made into an
organized system. It would be as if a pile of threads suddenly
organized themselves into a shirt.

A NEW ENERGY PHYSICS: MAKING THE IMPOSSIBLE POSSIBLE?

King had found the most impressive reference to zero-point or space
energy in a book called Geometrodynamics. The author, noted physicist
John Archibald Wheeler, said that this energy foaming within the
fabric of space is enormously powerfulif formed into an object, it
would put out more energy than a bright star. That's a lot of power.


Does this source of incredible power really interact with our world?
King found that there, too, the physics literature held good news.

Quantum mechanicsthe branch of science that deals with protons,
electrons, and other basic particles of matterteaches that
superhigh-frequency energy does interact with physical matter all the
time. It says that these basic particles are mixed with space energy.

The difference between standard quantum mechanics and the ideas of
Wheeler and other scientists is that they believed basic particles
such as protons and electrons were not only mixed with space energy,
they were actually made out of space energy. As King continued to read
thrush books on the subject, he began to see energy as a flow, a river
from another dimension of space, and basic particles as tiny
whirlpools in that river. If the river ceased to flow, the basic
particlesthe building blocks of all matt erwould disappear. So would
everyone and everything.

Filled with a sense of awe, King began to see beyond the standard view
of space energy as a random jittering of basic particles. He found his
newfound ideas confirmed by the work of Timothy Boyer, Ph.D., a
physicist and teacher. Boyer saidcontrary to traditional scientific
beliefthat space energy did influence matter, the physical world
around us, and that it wasn't random and meaningless.
                            
Eventually, King realized that if engineers could get only a small
part of those random energetic movements in space to line up with each
other, they could tap into a tremendous source of power for our
everyday world.

COMING UP WITH A NEW COMBINATION OF THEORIES

King wondered: Why was no one asking if all that power could be
harnessed and put to work? The answer seemed to lie in specialization.
The people who make machinery and generators to move and heat and
power thingsthe engineersdon't necessarily study quantum mechanics.
The people who do study quantum mechanics, the ones who come up with
the equations and the formulasthe physicistsdon't build machinery.

Even if the majority of neither the engineers nor the physicists were
interested in this topic, King was. He still wanted to find out if
there was a way to allow for the use of space energy. So the young
student set a task for himself. He would stick to the standard physics
literature and look for concepts that could be put together to form a
body of knowledge a combined theoryabout the fea sibility of tapping
into that abundant energy. He searched through the respected journals
and found articles that, taken together, made a case for doing what
his professors had said was impossible.

Academia was not particularly interested in space energy at the time,
but a growing audience, mostly outside of the ivy walls, snapped up
the book that King eventually wrote. Tapping the Zero-Point Energy,
first published in 1989, brought together published theories about
space energy and theories about the way that natural systems organize
themselves. This book laid the groundwork for the development of a
coherent theory behind a new source of energy.

>From Chaos To Order

Russian-born scientist Ilya Prigogine won a Nobel Prize in 1977 for
showing how certain systems can evolve from random behavior to orderly
behavior. This means that entropy, which assumes that all systems
become more and more disordered, is no longer the only game in the
universe. It means that energy can indeed be seen as a creative force
in space, instead of disorganized chaos. This behavior, the opposite
of entropy, has since been called negentropy.

In the 1970s, before and after graduation, Moray King started keeping
a foot in two worlds, one in the world of theoretical physics and one
in the world of the practical tinkerers who were trying to capture
space energy in their home workshops. He was introduced to that second
world by new-energy author Christopher Bird, who told King about T.
Henry Moray and Moray's struggles to capture space energy (see Chapter

3).

New-energy ideas hit King from all sides after that. At first, he
wondered if he was being introduced to a bunch of kooks, but he soon
came to appreciate these concepts. He kept asking questions,
networking and presenting papers at conferences on new-energy
technologies, and encouraging inventors to come up with a reproducible
experiment to prove that space energy could be tapped.

By 1994, King had further refined his space-energy ideas. At
conferences, he explained to eager audiences how vortices-whirlpool-
or tornado-like spirals found everywhere in nature - held a key to the
energy lock. Give a sudden twist to the nucleus of an atom, and all
its neighbors, and keep spinning them, King said, and you may pull
some space energy into your electric-generating system. Rotate the
spinning materialsa spin upon a spinand you have a better chance of
picking up some extra energy. Then build pairs of counter-rotating
vortices into your system, and you would really have something.
                            
To partially visualize this concept, you can take two yo-yos, twist
their strings, and let go so that both yo-yos start spinning. You can
then swing the yo-yos in full circles, one forward and one backward.
This is the type of motion that might give an inventor a chance to hit
the space-energy jackpot.

An Ancient Idea is Reexamined

To more fully understand King's ideas, it is helpful to go back to a
very old concept. Another way of speaking about the background sea of
energy is the ancient term prana, later known as the anther. In the
eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the nether was considered to be a
substance filling all space, and through which light travelled.

In 1887, two AmericansAlbert Michelson and Edward Williams
Morleytried to detect the aether experimentally. They could not, and
concluded that the aether did not exist. About thirty years later, the
concept was totally discarded when Albert Einstein put forth his
theory of relativity. It says that there is no background structure to
the universe, such as an aether. Instead, all objects in the universe,
such as stars and planets, affect each other. This means that nothing
in space is absolute.

But, as with all theories, there were things that Einstein's theory
could not account for. So in 1954, distinguished English physicist
P.A.M. Dirac asked science to take another look for the aether: "The
aetherless basis of physical theory may have reached the end of its
capabilities, and we see in the aether a new hope for the future."

An American scientist, E. W. Silvertooth of Washington state,
responded to Dirac's call. In 1986, Silvertooth performed an
experiment using laser equipment and his knowledge of advanced optics.
By measuring earth's motion in space, he calculated that our solar
system is moving toward the constellation of Leo at nearly 400
kilometers a secondor about 892,800 miles an hour. Silvertooth had
succeeded where Michelson and Morley had failed. The fact that earth's
motion in space could be detected meant that ther e had to be a stable
point of reference such as the aetherfor this motion to be measured
against.

In order for a scientific experiment to be considered valid, it must
be successfully repeated. However, Silvertooth used some very
expensive equipment, and his research was sponsored in part by the
United States Air Force and another defense agency that handles
advanced research. To my knowledge, Silvertooth's experiment has not
been repeated, although an Austrian physicist has claimed to have also
detected the aether.


A Fast-Spinning Vortex?

Today's aether theorists do not see the aether as an invisible fluid
filling all of space. Rather, they say it is a spiralling foundation
for the universe that cannot be detected by current measuring
instruments because its movements are too quick.

Moray King is not the only space-energy scientist who thinks that the
aether moves in a spiral motion. Paramahamsa Tewari, Ph.D., of India
is another. He says that the idea of there being enormous levels of
power for every square inch of space would be wrong unless that space
rotates at a fantastic speed, "like a vortex." He sees the universe as
being in motion according to its basic design, with just a
concentration of matter here and there a galaxy, a solar system, a
planet, an electron.

What makes this movement difficult to detect is the fact that we are
moving along with it, and thus have nothing to compare it with. It is
like trying to sense the spinning of the earth on its axis because
everything is spinning, including us, we do not feel the motion. One
scientist describes space energy as two giant, invisible elephants
pushing on both sides of a door. As long as they push with equal
force, the door does not move one way or the other.

The aether not only exists, the space energy it produces energizes the
earth. To understand how it works, think of a microwave oven. If you
put a potato in a microwave, you do not see it cooking, nor do you
feel any heat coming from the oven. That's because the microwave cooks
the food from the inside out. The oven remains cool, but the inside of
the potato becomes very hot. In the same manner, space energy "cooks"
the earth's core, which is very hot, while the earth's surface remains
relatively cool. The big difference is that the energy in a microwave
comes from outward-moving forces of decay, explosion, or combustion,
while space energy takes the form of an inward-moving spiralas
explained in "Spirals of Energy" on page 13.

Despite a theory that supports a universal abundance of space energy,
many engineers cannot let go of their belief in a world ruled by a
finite amount of energy. To be fair to the engineers, they don't want
to give up that belief because it has worked well as a basis for
practical engineering. It is the idea at the heart of the Industrial
Age.

However, the new-energy theorists say that space energy does not
violate the laws of conservation of energy, which state that energy
can be neither created nor destroyed. According to these theorists,
this energy has always existed, and thus is not being created out of
nothing. It can simply be put to human use. "People are having trouble
deciding whether they want to believe it or not," King says.


MAGNETS AND ENERGY

The key to many of the devices that you will be reading about is the
magnet. The earth's own magnetic fieldthe one that makes a compass
point northmay interact somehow with space energy. And new-energy
researchers find that the smaller magnetic fields which surround
manufactured magnets play a key role in getting their
energy-generating hardware to work. Some inventors use super-powerful
magnets made of rare materials, while others use the sorts of ordinary
magnets that are found in stereo sound systems.

How exactly do magnets tap into space energy? It is not possible to
answer that question with any authority, since scientists are unable
to explain exactly what a magnet's force field isthe force that
attracts metal objects to the magnet. Nor can they explain exactly
what that field interacts with. One electronics engineer says that we
are like early humans discovering fire; they knew what it did, but
they didn't know why. Many new-energy researchers have come up with
differing theories of what makes magne ts work. But these theories
have not yet jelled into one body of knowledge that is accepted by the
scientific establishment.

One thing we do know about magnetism is that it is related to
electricity. In the 1830s, English scientist Michael Faraday showed
that magnets could be used to produce electricity, and that an
electric current produces a magnetic field. While it is not fully
understood why this happens, this knowledge has been put to practical
use in electric motors and generators. So it is not surprisingif in
fact space energy is electric in nature that magnets can be used to
capture space energy, even through we don't fu lly understand how.

MAVERICKS IN HIGH PLACES

In the past decade, Moray King has been joined by scientists around
the world in space-energy research, and their results have caused
great excitement in the new-energy world. Former astronaut Edgar D.
Mitchell, Ph.D., predicted this excitement in 1980 when he said:
                            
"There are types of energy which lie outside the electromagnetic
spectrum. Unfortunately, these research efforts have not been given
recognition. For the most part, they have been performed by
individuals . . . without any support, whose work lies at the
threshold of present-day science, and who are years ahead of science
which is already established."

The fact that many of space energy's newer proponents are people who
have been part of the science establishment means that space energy,
long thought of as an oddball idea, will have to be taken seriously.
                              
Harold Puthoff, Ph.D., of the Institute for Advanced Studies in
Austin, Texas, is giving space energy the publicity that Mitchell
thought it lacked. Puthoff is a scientist whose low-key personality
fits into a variety of settings, from security-clearance laboratories
to meetings of environmentalists. His background includes corporate
work, several years with the United States Department of Defense, and
a stint with Stanford Research Institute International. He gives
briefings to top govermnent officials and oil industry executives, and
to other audiences worldwide.

Puthoff was named Theorist of the Year in 1994 by New Energy News, for
a paper that News editor Hal Fox, Ph.D., called the century's most
important theoretical paper. Puthoff and two coauthors say that
inertiathe tendency of a body in motion to remain in motion, or a
body at rest to remain at restcan be explained by the presence of
space energy. Puthoff explains by saying it is space energy that
knocks you down if you are standing on a train and the train
accelerates quickly from a full stop.

Fox says, "The way the various institutions of science are structured,
it is important to work within the system to successfully introduce
new scientific theories and facts. This is what Dr. Harold Puthoff has
gently accomplished over the past few years."

Thomas Bearden, a retired United States Army lieutenant colonel, is a
more controversial theorist who is considered to be almost 
a guru by some in the space-energy field. Bearden believes that
present-day mechanical and electrical engineering concepts and
mathematics are based on the manipulation of effects, and not of
underlying causes, in the same way that a driver can accelerate and
deaccelerate a car without understanding how an engine works. The
devices made by mainstream engineers do the work they are intended
for, he notes, but are crude compared to the hardware that could be
made if the deeper causes were understood.

Bearden's quest parallels King'sto learn how to create order in a
small part of the seething vacuum of space and put that tremendous
energy to work: "We can dip our paddlewheel into that river."

Puthoff and bearden are only two of the many conventionally trained
scientists who have found in space-energy theory a new way of seeing
the world. And their ideas of theoretical physics are not only
important to the world of science. Their ideas form the basis for a
technology that will ultimately affect everyone.

In the next chapter we meet inventors who have tried to turn
space-energy theory into space-energy devices.


______________________________________________________
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->  Posted by: "Lorr. B." 



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(Hi, this 2nd message is more interesting than the first one. 
However, the first is important since it gives the intro about the 
science of Free Energy.   - Lorr)

-------------------

Floyd Sweet - Solid-State Magnet Pioneer
by Jeane Manning

"There is suppression launched against any free-energy inventor who
succeeds or is very close to succeeding." - Ret. Lt. Col. Thomas
Bearden


The late Floyd "Sparky" Sweet created a breakthrough magnetic
solid-state energy generator. For complex reasons, he did not develop
his device into a commercially viable product. However, as a magnetics
specialist with a distinguished industrial career, Sweet was not a man
whose technical claims could be easily dismissed by critics.

Sweet's story is important for three reasons. First, creditable
witnesses saw his invention convert the invisible energy of space into
useable amounts of electric powerwithout fuel, batteries, or
connection to an outlet. Second, he was subjected to the same kinds of
harassment that the inventors we met in Part I had to face, including
threats on his life. Third, and most important, Sweet's research has
inspired the work of other space-energy inventors, some of whom may
well produce a useful stationary-magn et device.

FLOYD SWEET AND MAGNETS

Floyd Sweet (1912-1995) grew up in Connecticut, in an era when radios
were home-built crystal sets. At the age of nine, his intense interest
in how things work was directed into building and disassembling radios
and other electrical apparatus, such as a small Tesla coil (see
Chapter 2) energized by a Model T spark plug.

When Sweet was eighteen, a family friend helped him find work at the
nearby General Electric plant while he went to college. He got the

nickname "Sparky" after he Disconnected some wires one day, which
resulted in an instrument exploding in a spectacular spray of sparks.
Despite this incident, his employers were pleased with his work
especially his intuitive gift for coming up with answers to electrical
problems.

Sweet stayed with GE after completing his education. He worked in the
company's Schenectady, New York, research and development center from
1957 to 1962a dream job in which he could use a well equipped
laboratory to follow his hunches on intriguing magnetics projects.
That line of research fascinated him. In 1969, he obtained a master's
degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

By the mid-1970s, Sweet and his wife, Rose, had moved to the Los
Angeles area to enjoy semiretirement. Besides serving as one of GE's
preferred consultants, Sweet designed electric equipment for other
customers.

Floyd Sweet was more than a professional scientist who worked with
magnets. He had a passion for magnetism, and for the concept that the
entire universe is permeated with a magnetic field. Once he fully
retired in the early 1980s, he would have happily spent many hours
each day building a device that could tap into the energy of that
magnetic field. But Rose fell ill, and was an invalid for the last
seven years of her life. This demanded Floyd's attention and forced
him to dip into their savings. He also ha d to cope with his own ill
health, including a period of near blindness. Despite these problems,
he worked on his device when not preparing meals and tending to his
wife's needs.

SWEET'S VACUUM TRIODE AMPLIFIER: DEFYING CONVENTION

For decades, new-energy researchers talked about the possibility of
treating a magnet so that its magnetic field would continuously shake
or vibrate. On rare occasions, Sweet saw this effect, called
self-oscillation, occur in electric transformers. He felt it could be
coaxed into doing something useful, such as producing energy. Sweet
thought that if he could find the precise way to shake or disturb a
magnet's force field, the field would continue to shake by itself. It
would be similar to striking a bell a nd having the bell keep on
ringing.

As usual, Sweet-who said his ideas came to him in dreams turned for
inspiration to his expertise in magnets. He knew magnets could be used
to produce electricity, as we learned in Chapter 4, and wanted to see
if he could get power out of a magnet by something other than the
standard induction process. That process involves either moving a
magnet past a wire coil a coil of conductive wire, such as copperor
moving a coil through the field of a magnet. This changing magnetic
field causes an electric current to flow in the copper wire.

What Sweet wanted to do was to keep the magnet still and just shake

its magnetic field. This shaking, in turn, would create an electric
current. One new-energy researcher compares self-oscillation to a leaf
on a tree waving in a gentle breeze. While the breeze itself isn't
moving back and forth, it sets the leaf into that kind of motion.
Sweet thought that if space energy, discussed in Chapter 4, could be
captured to serve as the breeze, then the magnetic field would
serve as the leaf. Sweet would just have to supply a small amount of
energy to set the magnetic field in motion, and space energy would
keep it moving.

By 1985, he had come up with a set of specially conditioned magnets,
wound with wires. To test his device, Sweet discharged a current into
the wire coil around the magnet. As a result, the coil disturbed the
magnet's field. It was as if Sweet had snapped the magnet's Held out
of position to set it in motion. Sweet then connected a twelve-volt
lightbulbthe size used in flashlightsto the coil. If the device was
producing electricity, the bulb would light.

The results were more than Sweet expected. A surge of power came out
of the coil and there was a bright flash from the bulb which had
received so much power that it melted. Years later, Sweet remembered
that Rose had seen the flash and called out, "What did you blow up
now?"

The inventor was baffled by the dazzling flash of lightwhy so much
energy? He returned to his workbench to make further models. Needing a
theory to explain his startling discovery, he remembered hearing about
Thomas Bearden, retired Army officer and nuclear physicist, and John
Bedini, an electronics expert, on a local radio show. Sweet called
Bedini, who arranged for Bearden to visit Sweet.

Bearden saw the curious device pull nearly six watts of electric power
out of the air with only a tiny fraction of a watt going into the
machine. Bearden ran tests to his heart's content, and was delighted
to see a little unit embodying the unorthodox concepts that he had
written about over the years, the concepts behind space energy. He
called Sweet's assembly of magnets and wire coils the Vacuum Triode
Amplifier (VTA). Bearden decided that the device was serving as a gate
through which energy from space w as being herded into a electric
circuit.

The most amazing aspect of Sweet's device was that it put out so much
more power than it took in. How much more? In a 1988 model, Sweet
found that 330 microwatts330 one-millionths of a wattof input power
made it possible for the VTA's wire coils to put out more than 500
watts of usable energy, or about one and a half million times the
input power.

The VTA's Special Effects and Difficult Development

The VTA turned out to have some very odd effects, but Bearden's
research background prepared him for that. So in 1987, Bearden asked
Sweet to perform an antigravity experiment. Bearden calcu1ated that
the six-pound machine would levitate when about 1,500 watts of power
were drawn out of it, but that the magnets might explode at about the
same power level. He warned Sweet to limit the output to no more than
1,000 watts. A VTA would be placed on a scale so that its weight could
be carefully monitored while it was hooked up to a box of lighibulb
sockets. Screwing bulbs int o the sockets would draw off the power.

About a week later, Sweet excitedly read off results over the phone to
Beardenwho was home in Alabamaas Sweet screwed in ten 100-watt
bulbs, one at a time. The device gradually lost weight until it was
down to 90 percent of its original weight. For safety reasons, Sweet
and Bearden stopped the experiment before the device could begin to
hover or fly.

Why did the VTA lose weight? According to Bearden's theory, gravity
becomes a pushing force rather than a pulling force under certain
conditions. Bearden also says that space energy has a pressure,
referred to as energy density. If the pressure above an object is
decreased while the pressure under the object is increased, the object
will be drawn upwards. The VTA may have changed the energy density by
drawing on space energy.

The technology could sometimes do spooky things. Walter Rosenthal of
California, a test engineer who has helped many struggling inventors
test their devices, recalls an incident that Sweet had told him about.
The incident occurred while Sweet was trying to document his

antigravity experiment:

"The machine's weight was observed [to be] decreasing with an increased
load [of lighibulbs], in a quiet orderly fashion, until a point was
suddenly reached when Floyd heard an immense sound, as if he were at
the center of a giant whirlwind but without actual air movement. The
sound was heard by Rose in another room of their apartment and by
others outside the apartment."

This experience has been confirmed by a Canadian space-energy
researcher, who heard a similar whirlwind sound during one of his
experiments.
                              
Another unusual effect of Sweet's VTA was the fact that it produced
cold, instead of the heat usually generated by electric equipment. The
inside of the VTA was as much as twenty degrees cooler than the
surrounding air. The greater the load put on the device, the cooler it
became. When VTA wires were accidentally shorted out, they flashed
with a brilliant burst of light, and were found to be covered with
frost. One time, a brief contact with the equipment froze some of
Sweet's flesh, causing him pain for ab out two weeks afterward.

Sweet discovered other interesting effects. But development of the VTA
was slowed by trouble with materials and processes, and by financial
entanglements. Sweet had to find magnets that could hold the
self-oscillation effect. That required magnets with force fields that
didn't vary much across the face of the magnet.

Also, standard mathematical calculations didn't work with the VTA. In
1991, Sweet produced a math theory for the VTAan engineering design
model that showed how factors such as the number of turns of wire in
the coils affected the device's behavior. Producing this theory was an
important step. Without it, other researchers would not reproduce
Sweet's work.

Sometimes it was difficult for Sweet to reproduce his own work. As
with first models of any new technology, the VTAs he built were very
unreliable. For example, at times their output went down at night and
picked up again during the day. Sometimes, they just plain stopped
working for no apparent reason. But when the VTA worked, the power it
put out for its size was unprecedented.

Sweet Challenges the Laws of Physics

Bearden contributed to the theory that explained Sweet's invention.
Much of the theory that Bearden used to explain how the VTA worked
came from advances in the field of phase conjugate optics, a
specialized study of light used by laser scientists and weapons
researchers. Using information from this field, Bearden said that the
VTA was able to amplify the space energy it took in.
                              
The science establishment requires that an invention be explained by
accepted laws of physics, and so much output from so little input
seems to violate those laws, which do not allow for such a thing.
However, Sweet and bearden recognized that these laws apply to
ordinary, or closed, systemssystems in which you cannot get more
energy out than what you put in. Because the VTA allowed energy to
flow in from the vacuum of space, it was not operating in a closed
system, but in an open one. (See Chapter 1 for a discussion of closed
versus open systems.) A VTA operating in the flow of space energy is
like a windmill operating in the wind. Both receive excess energy from
an outside source. But since neither operates m a closed system,
neither violates the laws of physics.

In 1991, a paper by Sweet and Bearden was read at a formal gathering
of conventional engineers and physicists in Boston. Neither Bearden
nor Sweet were able to attendBearden was called away on business, and
Sweet was recuperating from heart surgery. Walter Rosenthal went
instead. The paper said that the VTA had the signs of being a true
negentropy device, or a device that was able to turn random space
energy into usable electricity (see Chapter 4).

How did this work? It helps to think of a handful of marbles on a
tabletop. You can either roll them all in one direction, or you can
scatter them in all directions. If you scatter the marbles into a
reflector, the reflector will roll them back to you in an orderly
fashion. Although the language they used was quite technical, what
Sweet and Bearden basically said is that the VTA was able to take

energy "marbles" and keep rolling them back and forth, building energy
as they went along.

After Bearden's paper was read, Walter Rosenthal stood up and startled
the audience of skeptical engineers: "I have personally seen Floyd
Sweet's machine operating. It was running . . . those small motors you
saw in the video. It was jump-started with a ninevolt battery. There
was no other electrical input required.... There was no connection to
the power line whatsoever." And, no, there were no moving parts.

Although most of the audience listened politely, it was too much for
one engineering professor. He stalked out of the room, saying, "To
present such a remark at an engineering conference is the height of
irresponsibility! It violates virtually every conceivable concept
known to engineers."

SWEET IS HREATENED

Could activity at the Sweet home been secretly watched by strangers?
Sweet told the story of a time in the late 1980s when a man accosted
him as Sweet was leaving a supermarket. Sweet remembered the man's
expensive-looking shoes, and the fact that he was immaculately
dressed. But in the stress of the moment, Sweet couldn't focus on much
else.
                              
What made the inventor nervous was the photograph that the man held, a
photograph showing Sweet at work on his tabletop-model VTAin the
supposed privacy of Sweet's own home. In what Sweet said was a
remarkably clear photo, he was sitting in the dining room on the
second story of the apartment building where he lived with Rose.

"He walked me all the way to my building, telling me what would happen
to me if I didn't stop my research," Sweet recalled. "How they took
that picture through my window, I'll never know." As Sweet remembered
it, the man claimed to be connected with a conglomerate that did not
want the VTA to come onto the market at that time. He told Sweet, "It
is not beyond possibilities to take you out of the way."

Sweet said that afterward he called the FBI in Los Angeles. He
believed that two agents staked out his house for a couple of weeks,
but that nothing came of it.

Around the time of the photo incident, Sweet was getting telephone
calls and death threats from strangers. He said there were "people
calling at all hours. The police put a tap on my line and over a
six-month period, over 480 calls came in from all parts of the United
States. But they were from pay stations." Thus, the police could never
find the callers.

Early in the VTA's development, someone broke into Sweet's apartment
and stole his notes. He then began to code his notes.

Sweet temporarily stopped work on his invention, out of concern for
his ill wife. "They must have known I stopped; they didn't torment me
any more."

FOLLOWING IN SWEET'S FOOTSTEPS

On July 5, 1995, Floyd Sweet suffered a fatal heart attack at the age
of eighty-three. A couple of weeks before his death, Sweet said that
the automotive industry was testing his power unit for use in cars,
and that they had a unit running for 5,000 hours. He said he was
dealing with people at General Motors, but no one has been able to
confirm Sweet's claims.
                              
The VTA itself is bogged down in legal problems. But Tom Bearden, who
put much of his own time and money into the project, hopes that the
VTA can be resurrected so that the world will realize what a pioneer
Floyd Sweet was. And despite the confusion surrounding Sweet's affairs
at the time of his death, other researchers are continuing this line
of research.

Confusion and Secrecy

The automotive industry may not have been the only potential investor
that Sweet was dealing with. At the time of his death, there was some
confusion concerning the rights to Sweet's hardware and papers, held
by Sweet's second wife, Violet. Bearden says that Sweet signed a
number of agreements with a number of backers, and that some of these
people have claimed rights to the invention. At least two of these
investors say they want Sweet's laboratory equipment, inventions, and
technical papers to go into a p roposed Floyd Sweet Museum so that
other researchers could study the technology. Walter Rosenthal is
trying to help all parties work towards an agreement.

Despite Bearden's urging, Sweet never had the VTA certified by
independent testing. "He feared that his life would be snuffed out
immediately if he even attempted such a thing," Bearden says.

Sweet also frustrated his fellow researchers by keeping secret his
most important processhow he conditioned the magnets that are at the
heart of the VTA. Did he pump the magnets with powerful
electromagnetic pulses to shake up their internal structure? He
refused to give details, and said it wasn't likely that other
researchers would learn his secrets: "The odds against them finding
out is like trying to open a safe with 100 dials set from zero to a
hundred, without knowing the combination."
                              
Sweet not only feared for his life, but once said he feared that if he
described how he made his device work, unscrupulous people would build
models without giving him his due. He was also concerned about what
would happen if the VTA was widely sold everywhere at once, replacing
many other electric devices. "If it all came out at once, the stock
market would collapses'' he said. "The government doesn't want it." To
be fair to Sweet, I would point out that he is not the only inventor
who has been uncomfortab le in disclosing key aspects of his work.

Other Researchers and the VTA

Other inventors are trying to carry on Sweet's work. The VTA is
well-known on computer bulletin boards that list "free energy" as a
topic of discussion. Experimenters scramble for details of how the
device was built.

One researcher who has claimed some success is Don Watson, a
self-educated inventor from Texas. Watson says he has built a working
device similar to Sweet's VTA, which he works on at night after
working during the day as a telephone systems installer.

In Somerset, England, electronics expert Michael Watson (no relation
to Don) built a replica of Sweet's VTA, but claimed no success in the
experiment. Despite that, he says, "In my opinion the inventor of the
VTA, Floyd Sweet, has made a scientific discovery of [the] greatest
importance."

Watson thinks that attempts to reproduce Sweet's results may run into
problems because the type of magnets Sweet used are no longer
available. But he says, "The important point about the VTA is that a
form of magnetic instability exists that can act as a significant
energy source."

When this fledgling space-energy science reaches maturity, what could
the VTA do for the lives of the rest of us? Bearden speculates that
the new physics will change our lives in undreamed-of ways:

"By mastering, controlling, and gating the vast, incredible energy of
the seething vacuum  [of space], we can power our automobiles, flying
machines, and technology inexhaustibly. Further, it can be done
absolutely cleanly; there are no noxious chemical pollutants.

With practical antigravity, ships can be developed to cross the solar
system as readily as one crosses the ocean today.... The inexhaustible
vacuum fills every system, everywhere, to overflowing."

Despite the difficulties that Sweet ran into in his attempts to
perfect his invention, he helped science take a leap into the future.
It perhaps could have leaped further if he had cooperated more freely
with other researchers in the last decade of his life, and if he had
been tidier in his business dealings. But Sparky Sweet deserves praise
for charting a new course.

In the next chapter, we will meet other energy innovators who have
discovered the power of magnets in motion.



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(The idea of all these devices is to convert space energy to usable
electrical energy. Output is much more than the input. No law is
broken because space has a lot of energy which can be tapped
and used. This 3rd part shares more about it. It is very interesting.
Print this if possible. - Lorr.)

Rotating-Magnet Energy Innovators

"I think it is possible to utilize magnetism as an energy-source. But
we science idiots cannot do that; this has to come from the outside."
-Werner Heisenberg, Nobel laureate

"The magnet is a window to the free space energy of the Universe."
-Bruce DePalma, Inventor

As we saw in Chapter 6, magnets can be used to capture space energy
and put it to work. Magnetic fields can be tinkered with so that they
serve as gates, guiding space energy into electric devices in the same
way that a sluice in a river guides water into a waterwheel. This
opens a whole new world of energy possibilities.

This chapter introduces us to two inventors who have shown that it is
possible to use magnetism as a power source. Unlike Floyd Sweet and
his stationary-magnet device, these men use rotating magnets to
convert space energy into electricity. One began his career as a
physics teacher at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (WI ) and
is now self-exiled in New Zealand, while the other is an aviation
safety consultant who recently gave a lecture to a group of physicists
at MIT. We will also see how space en ergy is being pursued in Asia,
even as it is being ignored in North America.

BRUCE DEPALMA AND THE N-MACHINE

While his brother Brian has spun a Hollywood career directing films
such as Carrie, Scarface, and The Untouchables, it looked like Bruce 
DePalma would live a secure life in academia, wrapped in the respect
accorded an MIT faculty member. After receiving an electrical
engineering degree from MIT in 1958, he worked in both government and
industry before going to Harvard in 1961 for graduate work in applied
physics. He became an MIT lecturer in the late 1960s.

During that turbulent time, DePalma's life underwent a change, a
period of soul-searching that was spurred by both the student movement
and by his sense that society was disintegrating. As a result, he
dropped out of academia and headed west to Mendocino, California,
where he took up meditation. One afternoon, his thoughts turned to
something he had played with as a kid and never understoodwhy does a
gyroscope behave as it does? A thought came out of the bluemaybe the
rotation of the gyro wheel somehow lo cked onto the space around a
spinning body such as the earth.

Experiments With Rotation and Energy

Sometimes the simplest of experiments leads to new understanding. In
the sixteenth century, Galileo's first breakthrough came from dropping
a big rock and a small rock from the Leaning Tower in Pisa and
finding, contrary to accepted belief at the time, that they both fell
at the same rate.

DePalma's breakthough also came from a simple experiment. He rotated
ball bearingssteel balls like those found in pinball machinesat a
high rate of speed, and launched them into the air while carefully
taking multiple time-lapse photographs. He discovered to his surprise
that they rose farther and fell faster than ball bearings that were
not spinning when launched. He thought this indicated that the
spinning bearings were interacting with a new kind of energywhat we
now call space energy.

DePalma was even more intrigued when he launched pairs of ball
bearings, one spinning to the left and the other spinning to the
right. He found that each bearing rose and fell at a different rate,
indicating that each might be interacting with this different source
of energy in a different way.

DePalma felt his findings were important, and took them to a
prestigious mentor of his, a Princeton physicist. But he failed to
raise the man's interest.

So DePalma retreated with some friends to a farm in Pennsylvania for
more research with rotating objects. Starting with what was at hand,
he put the pendulum from a grandfather clock into a vacuumto rule out
any air-pressure effectsand found that spinning the bob did in fact
make a difference in the length of the pendulum's swing. He then did
an experiment which showed that if you collide a rotating object into
something else, it rebounds further than if it had not been rotating. As 
with the ball-bearing experiments, these results indicated that an
object might pick up space energy while spinning. (See "Spirals of
Energy" on page 13.)

As a result of his experimentsand of the experiments of othrs
-DePalma now imagines that space energy flows through a metal
conductor and gives it different properties, just as fluid flowing
into a dry sponge gives weight to the sponge. (See Chapter 4 for a
more complete discussion of the theory behind space energy.)

DePalma continued his gravity and inertia research when he moved to a
home in the foothills of Santa Barbara, California. His living room
was full of unusual sights, such as a circle of grass growing above a
spinning stereo turntable and weights hanging from ceiling hooks for
pendulum experiments.

DePalma Develops the N-Machine

DePalma decided to take the results of his newfound knowledge from the
realm of swinging objects into the realm of electric meters, where
accurate measuring instruments are available to everyone. His
intuition led him, step by step, to learning about the properties of
rotating magnets, and to an energy discovery that further changed his
life.

DePalma turned to the writings of the famous British pioneer of
electricity and magnetism, Michael Faraday (1791-1867). Faraday is
well known for inventing the two-piece induction generator, a piece of
equipment that, in its basic principles, is still used to generate
electricity today.

But Faraday also invented what he called a homopolar generator in
1831. He found that electric current can be taken from a spinning
copper disk when the disk is rotated along with the magnets, instead
of past the magnets, as in the induction generator. This unique setup
may have allowed Faraday to tap into a different source of
energyspace energy. However, Faraday never fully developed the
homopolar generator into a fully functional piece of practical
equipment. DePalma studied this generator with intense interest,
convinced he had found something of tremendous value

Nearly 150 years later, DePalma repeated Faraday's experiment except
that DePalma used modern materials, such as super-powerful magnets, to
extract the electricity. DePalma has named his device the N-machine,
"meaning to the nth degree," because he sees the N-machine's potential
as being almost unlimited. The name also refers to his speculation
that a magnet taps energy from another dimension. He believes the
magnets cause a distortion of the aether, a concept we discussed in
Chapter 4, allowing space energ y to flow into the machine.

>From 1978 through 1979, Bruce DePalma and his assistants used the
workshop of a California commune the Sunburst spiritual and
agricultural community near Santa Barbarato build a prototype
generator called the Sunburst homopolar generator. After a year of
refinements, they began serious testing in 1980. Sunburst test results
indicated that output power was more than the input power, and that
the N-machine was much more efficient than a standard generator.

Then a professor of electrical engineering from Stanford University
tested it. Robert Kincheloe did a series of tests on a machine
designed by DePalma and built by Charya Bernard of the Sunburst
Community from 1985 through 1986. Kincheloe also got more output power
than input power. He reported:

"Depalma may have been right, in that there is indeed a situation here
whereby energy is being obtained from a previously unknown and
unexplained source. This is a conclusion that most scientists and
engineers would reject out of hand as being a violation of the
accepted laws of physics, and if true has incredible implications."

DePalma Runs Into Trouble

"I thought everybody would beat a path to my door after I did these
experiments, but I ran into a stone wall," says DePalma.. "It's as if
science were in its old age and it's gotten a long way from the
laboratory." He adds that it is as if the science establishment took
the experiments that were done in the nineteenth and early twentieth 
centuries, reduced them all to mathematical equations, and made them
into a gospel. "If you go to Washington, D.C. to the Department of
Energy with a new way of liberating energy, they will bring out all
these old relationships and say, 'It isn't in accord with the [law of]
Conservation of Energy' or 'It violates Einstein's Theory of
Relativity."'


DePalma himself had fully believed in the law of energy conservation,
which says that you can't get more energy out of a system than you put
into it. But what about the results of his experiments? like most
other energy researchers we have met so far, it dawned on him that the
excess energy was coming right out of space itself. Therefore, the law
of conservation wasn't really being broken.

A skeptical science establishment has not been DePalma's only source
of trouble. In 1990, he wrote:

"Three or four commercial groups have approached me to supply money
for the commercial manufacture of N-machines. Many promises have been
made, but no funds yet. What generally gums things up is the greed of
the money people, not the ability of my machine to perform.... What is
needed now is a movement to develop the N-machine source of electrical
power as a national priority."

At that time, I asked DePalma why he didn't close the loopfeed part
of the power output back into the machine to produce continuous
motion. Powering a house or a set of appliances with such a setup
would be the demonstration that would convince skeptics

He replied that one reason he hadn't developed the prototype further
in the United States was "because I would get my head blown off." He
added that a threat was passed on to him through a messenger with
highly placed connections to the United States government. In 1992, he
perceived that space energy was wanted elsewhere, but not in the
United States. Therefore, he expatriated himself, first to Australia
and then to New Zealand, where he continues to work on his invention.

BERTIL WERJEFELT AND THE MAGNETIC BATTERY-GENERATOR

Bertil Werjefelt sports a Hawaiian suntan because the islands are his
adopted home, but he has little time for the beach. Consulting on
aviation safety, overseeing a small corporation, and writing technical
papers make up only part of his life. Werjefelt has also been working
on a magnet-energy device for several decades. A representative of the
Sumitomo Corporation who visited Werjefelt's manufacturing facility
said that the invention could be "the most important discovery this
century."
  
Werjefelt was educated in his native Sweden and then came to the
United States in the early 1960s. He furthered his education in
mechanical engineering at both the University of Utah and the
University of Hawaii. He now heads a research and development group,
Poly Tech USA, that devises safety equipment for airplanes' such as a
system that allows pilots to see the flight path and vital instruments
regardless of how much smoke is in the cockpit.

A New Device From Old Concepts

In the 1970s, Werjefelt was one of many people who became concerned
about the problem of fossil-fuel pollution. So he used his engineering
background to create an energy invention - a generator powered by
energy extracted from magnetic fields.

Standard generators, which use magnets, are subject to a problem known
as magnetic drag. Drag is a residual magnetism that slows the spinning
of the rotor, the part that either moves the magnets past an electric
coil or the coil past the magnets, depending on the generators design.
Werjefelt improved the standard generator; he added a special spinning
system that cancels magnetic drag by counteracting it with the force
fields of additional magnets. The result is a generator that puts out
more power with the same input.

That raises a question: Where does the excess energy come from? "I
don't know," Werjefelt says. "It could be [space] energy, or something
we don't even know about."

Werjefelt's experimental models have not yet evolved into the 
Remanufacturing stage they have only produced more power output than
input for several minutes at a time. But results are impressive enough
to keep him going. For example, at one point his generator has shown
160 watts input and 450 watts output, or almost triple the power. He
believes his crew has solved some of the most troublesome technical
problems and that magnetically powered electric generators could be
available for everyday use within a few years.

Some onlookers in the new-energy field are as impressed with the
scientific paperwork Werjefelt has done as they are with his
experimental models. After he came up with the design, Werjefelt
realized that he would need to explain the results in order to get a
patent. He would also need to convince a skeptical scientific
community.

So Werjefelt dug into the physics literature and found evidence to
Support his claim. He used this evidence in a 1995 lecture at MIT to
argue that standard science's teachings on magnetism have been
incomplete from the beginning, and that as a result, the scientific
community declared early on that it was impossible to use magnetism as
an energy source. The other fundamental forces in nature nuclear
physics and gravitationhave been harnessed in the forms of nuclear
power plants and hydroelectric dams, but science has been blind to the
possibility of using magnetism as a source of power.

In general, though, Werjefelt refuses to become caught up in what he
calls "paralysis by analysis." He is more interested in proving that
his device works. "Look at it as a quantum leap in the energy field,''
he says, "like the leap from slide rulers to handheld electric
calculators."

Corporate Interest From Japan

In 1990, Werjefelt sent a notice to large corporations such as General
Electric and Westinghouse in the United States, Siemens in Europe, and
Hitachi and Sumitomo in Japan about his discovery Most of the replies
were, "It is not possible." Others thanked him and said, "Call us when
the patent is issued."

It turned out that the Japanese were very interested in magnets and
energy. In October 1993, Japanese television aired a program, The
Dream Energy, in which Japanese scientist Terohiko Kawai discussed a
device similar to Werjefelt's.

Well-funded Japanese research teams have engineered this discovery
into reliable units for existing motors. Werjefelt spent two days with
an official from Sumitomo and learned that the Japanese motors are
running for hours, days, weeks. Japanese industrialists are switching
over to the new units, which will use about half as much fossil fuel
as existing motors. For example, the television program showed a
refrigerator, a vacuum cleaner, and other common appliances with such
motors.

Werjefelt, on the other hand, is more interested in producing
electricity. He estimates that if power plants are built using his
Magnetic Battery-Generator instead of conventional equipment, they
could put out fifteen to eighteen times as much electricity.

GOVERNMENT BACKING FOR INVENTORS ELSEWHERE

As we have seen in Bertil Werjefelt's saga, American corporations are
generally staying aloof from new-energy developments, while other
countries' governments underwrite corporate research in this field.
For example, two countries are working on devices similar to Bruce
DePalma's N-machine.

Japan Becomes Involved

In Japan, a soft-spoken scientist is getting government help on his
variation of the N-machine. Shiuji Inomata, Ph.D., worked at the
electrotechnical laboratory of the Ministry of International Trade and
Industry (MITI) in Ibaraki, Japan. Inomata's version of the
Nmachinenamed the JPI, after a private research instituteproduced a
small amount of excess power as a first prototype.

Now retired, Inomata continues to work on the JPI, and is interested
in seeing others continue his research. "Politicians and industry are
increasingly becoming aware of the new energy breakthrough,,, he says.
This could give Japan a considerable lead in the race to produce

N-machine technology. For further discussion on why new energy
fascinates the Japanese, see page 101.

India Also Pursues Space Energy

Japan is not the only Asian country that is actively pursuing space
energy. In India, a government-employed nuclear scientist is also
orking on a type of N-machinc with his employer's blessing.

Paramahamsa Tewari, Ph.D., is a senior engineer with the Depattment of
Atomic Energy's Nuclear Power Corporation (NPC). HIS version of the
N-machine is called the Space Power Generator (SPG). Among the
Westerners who have encouraged Tewari over the years is Bruce DePalma.
Tewari says, "But for DePalma, I wouldn't have been able to tie up my
theory. He was working on ular ideas and kept sending his results to
me."

Tewari is project director of the NPC's Kaiga Project in the state of
Karnataka. Although his spare time for refining the SPG is limited,
Tewari is enthusiastic about it. The NPC's managing director, S. L.
Kati, says, "Tewari's prototype SPG can be considered a major
breakthrough."

It is unusual for a government to encourage one of its nuclear
physicists to explore space energy. But Tewari has gotten special
treatment from his government. For example, instead of travelling on a
private passport to a new-energy symposium in the United States
several years ago, Tewari's passport had been cleared by the Indian
government, which smoothed his way through airports. In building SPG
prototypes, he uses the services of electricians and mechanics, as
well as a workshop, at the nuclear plant whe re he works. Tewari is
pleased with how things are going at his day job the project is
moving forward. Thus, he feels well justified in putting a "do not
disturb" sign on his door twice a week to work on the SPG for a couple
of hours.

Why has Tewari found such cordiality from an agency that provides
megaproject power? He says, "They feel that if something meaningful
comes out of (the Space Power Generator), the world may benefit." He
adds:

"I am heading the whole electrical department of a nuclear project....
I do my job great, and there is mutual respect. People didn't [get] in
my way. I also very bluntly threw away any Opposition. I just said,
"Look. I don't care about you. I earn my living as a government
officer, yes. But I have my research to do and you can't stop me.""


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(part 4 of 4 about the scientific basis of Free Energy. 
Free Energy is gonna be a discovery so great it will change the world 
(provided the Government Controllers can be defeated). But before we can 
defeat them. We must know what we are dealing with. - Lorr.)

Solid-State Energy Devices and Their inventors
by Jeanne Manning

"Imagine a world in which endless, nonpolluting, and virtually free
energy powers our cities, cars, and homes." -Owen Davies, Science
writer

"Our electrical company tells us that the only two practical choices
for their power are coal or nuclear. There is another alternative.
-Wingate Lambertson, Inventor

In this chapter, we'll meet three of the leading North American
inventors of solid-state energy devices, or devices that use no moving
parts. These inventors are only three of many.

These men have diverse backgrounds and personalities. In California, a
scientist described by Omni magazine as a star in the electronics
field works in a high-tech private laboratory funded by financial
backers. In Florida, a former government official pays for his
research out of his retirement savings, and makes discoveries in his
garage. In Canada, a self-described eccentric, well-known in Japan but
unknown in his own country, cooks up a crystal-based energy device in
a tiny kitche - using ordinary rocks.

What these inventors have in common is a zest for exploring. Their
work on the leading edge of energy science holds promise for the
development of small-scale, quiet but powerful converters devices
that convert space energy into useable electric power.
                
THE CHARGE CLUSTERS OF KEN SHOULDERS

Solid-State Energy Devices and Their Inventors

Ken Shoulders,Ph.D., a tall, solidly built man, wears the expression
of someone not inclined toward ordinary concerns. He is a discoverer
on the frontier, and lets others worry about whether his findings fit
into the accepted boundaries of scientific theory.

In the early 1960s, Shoulders developed much of today's microcircuit
technology. Now, he is working on an even more advanced concept: the
high-density charge cluster. It is a concept that holds great promise
in the space-energy field, since these donut-shaped, microscopic
clusters put out more than thirty times the energy required to produce
them.

Shoulders spent decades doing work in various institutions, wherever
he had a chance to learn more about science and to try things out.
This work included nonteaching staff positions at universities such as
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, in laboratories such as
Stanford Research Institute, and in private corporations. Along the
way, Shoulders accumulated the equipment he needed to set up his own
laboratory, which he did in 1968.
                
Like Nikola lesla, the father of new energy we met in Chapter 2,
Shoulders made a discovery that could render his previous work in
microcircuit technology obsolete. It was a discovery made by accident.

Around 1980, Shoulders was introduced by physicists at the Stevens
Institute In Hoboken, New Jersey, to strange strings of particleswhat
scientists call vortex filaments. After working on them for awhile,
Shoulders found that they weren't strings at all, being about as broad
as they were long. They showed up as strings on the instruments of
most researchers because the researchers could never stop the motion
of these extremely fast-moving blobs. When Shoulders learned how to
get clear pictures of the blobs , he found they were little beadlike
structures. The simplest name for them is charge cluster, although
Shoulders calls them Electrum Validum, a name that means "strong
charge."

What Is a Charge Cluster?

The basic idea  of a charge cluster is rather simple. It is a tightly
packed cluster of about 100 million electrons, an electron being the
part of an atom that revolves around the nucleus. Shoulders has been
able to create conditions under which electrons break free from their
nuclei and join together into remarkably stable little ring-shaped
clusters, like tiny donuts. "It is the wildest electronic effect you 
will ever see," Shoulders says, calling his creations "little engines
of vast complexity that just don't die!"

As simple as the charge cluster is, conventional science has a hard
time accepting its existence. That's because it violates a law of

physics: "Like electrical charges, either negative or positive,
repel." Since all electrons carry a negative charge, conventional
science says that they should not cluster.

Hal Puthoff, whom we met in Chapter 4, has worked with charge
clusters, and thinks that the force which holds them together is the
result of an effect named after Dutch physicist Hendrik Casimir. The
Casimir effect refers to the tendency for two perfectly smooth metal
surfaces placed near each other to come closer together. Puthoff
explains the effect this way: imagine two metal plates hovering in
space, close to each other. Because the plates shield each other from
space energy coming from one direction, t he space energy pressing in
on each plate from the opposite direction would slam the two of them
together, releasing energy as heat.

Shoulders uses the Casimir effect to pinch a cold plasmaa special
form of gas that conducts electricityto create heat and charge
clusters. The electricity he uses is static electricity, the
electricity in the spark that snaps from a doorknob if you drag your
feet across a carpet. In Shoulders's system, this electricity provides
the electrons that make up the cluster. It is, essentially, an
electric charge compressed into a visible form.
                
What inspires Shoulders's awe about these tiny entities is that they
almost seem to have an intelligence about themthey are
selforganizing. The clusters appear to form into various sizes, but
are uniform in organization and behavior. They often look like a ring
or a necklace of tiny donuts. "It's some law of nature that's just not
spelled out for us yet," Shoulders says.

Shoulders discovered the link between charge clusters and space energy
when he tried to find out what could supply the large amounts of
energy needed to make electrons overcome their tendency to repel one
another and join into tightly packed clusters. Their high energy makes
charge clusters very powerfulthey can bore holes through ceramic tile
without losing strength. Because of the Casimir effect, space energy
appears to fit the evidence from Shoulders's experiments as a likely
source of this energy.

As futuristic as this technology seems, Shoulders has been able to
convince a tough customer of its valuethe United States Patent
Office. While past attempts to base a patent on space energy have been
unsuccessful, Shoulders has broken through with a 1991 patent titled,
"Energy Conversion Using High Charge Density." It is a milestonethe
first successful patent to say that space energy can be used as a
source of practical electric energy.

Charge Clusters and Commercial Products

Now working with his son, Steve, Ken Shoulders continues to make
breakthroughs. What Shoulders sees under the microscope is another
world, hinting of future machines that will be thousands of times more
powerful than our current machines.

Charge-cluster technology could be one of the first space-energy
technologies to be commercialized. Unlike some of the other
spaceenergy inventions, charge clusters do not need magnetic fields or
low temperatures to work. One new-energy writer says the charge
cluster may be one of the most promising areas of research since the
transistor.

Providing abundant clean energy is not the only thing that charge
clusters can do. There is a whole range of possible products based on
charge-cluster technology, according to Puthoff, who lists a few of
the products besides energy devices that could result from
developments in this field:

* High-resolution television screens flat enough to hang on a wall.

* Notebook computers more powerful than the largest mainframe.

* Tiny X-ray machines that can enter the body and kill cancer cells 
without harming surrounding tissues.

While the Shoulders team makes advances in the laboratory, a private
firm with the necessary product-placement know-how makes plans in the
marketplace. This firm will ensure that chargecluster technology can

be licensed worldwide for eventual development into a number of
products.

THE CERMET OF WINGATE LAMBERTSON

In Florida, Wingate Lambertson, Ph.D., lights a row of lamps in his
garage using what he says is electricity taken from the energy of
space. It took years for Lambertson, a former director of Kentucky's

Science and Technology Commission, to overcome his academic skepticism
about claims that you could get something for nothingyet energy
freely available from space could be tapped for useful work.

After getting his doctorate from Rutgers University, Lambertson works
for United States Steel in Chicago before going into the United States
Navy. After going back to Rutgers for more postgraduate work, he
joined Argonne National Laboratory, where he worked on nuclear fuel
technology.

Then Lambertson discovered the large body of space-energy literature
that has been written by researchers in the field. Eventually, he came
to believe that something similar to an nether - the basic stuff Of
the universe discussed in Chapter Could exist, and that where
collected, it could be used to make electricity.

After more than two decades of research and experimentation,
Lambertson -is certain that space energy can be turned into a
practical power source through a process he calls World Into Neutrinos
(WIN). He envisions it being engineered into units that will probably
be set outside the home on a small concrete pad, like central air
conditioning units are now, and wired into the home's master electric
switchbox. The price? About $3,000 for either sale or lease cheaper
than buying or leasing a car.


The WIN Process and Cermet

The most important part of the WIN process is Lambertson's E-dam, and
the most interesting component in the E-dam is cermet. Cermet is a
heat-resistant ceramic-and-metal composite invented in 1948 and
considered by NASA for rocket nozzles and jet-engine turbine blades.
Lambertson, who spent almost his entire career working with advanced
ceramics, is experimenting to develop the best cermet for his device.
The E-dam contains a plate of cermet formed into a round spacer about
three inches in diameter, sandwic hed between metal plates of the same
size.

The process starts with an electrical chargebasically, a stream of
electronsfrom a standard power supply. The charge flows into the
E-dam, where it is held in the cermet: "It stores electrons like a
[regular] dam stores water," Lambertson says. When the dam is opened,
the electrons are released. As they accelerate, the falling electrons
gain energy from the space energy that is present in the E-dam. This
gain in energy is what allows the device to put out more power than it
takes in.

The current of electrons then flows into the device to be powered,
such as a lamp, and then moves into another E-dam for recycling.
Lambertson says there is no way for the process to become dangerous -
if too much power were generated, the E-dams would overheat, shutting
down the system.

For years, Lambertson was more interested in proving that the process
gained energy than in the actual amount of energy gained, since he
thought scaling up the process to higher efficiencies would be a
relatively simple engineering problem. When his first of three patent
applications was rejected, he saw it as a blessing because it forced
him to study the space-energy literature more carefully. By the fall
of 1994, he had improved the process to the point where it put out
twice as much energy as it started with.

Lambertson Finds Help

Meanwhile, Lamberston was having a frustrating time in trying to find
funding and marketing help. Responses to his proposals usually fell
into one of two categories:

* "This will not work, your calculations are in error."


* "You get it working and free of all technical problems, and we will
take it off your hands."

He learned, as have other inventors in this book, that it's a waste of
time to try to convince people of the validity of one's claims when
those people don't want to listen. But he did find support in 1987,

when he spoke at a new-energy conference in Germany. There, he found
people who saw the need for his invention and agreed to market it when
the WIN process is perfected.

Lambertson says that he now has active associates in Switzerland, in
addition to interest shown by the United States Navy. Three different
groups have shown interest in taking over and developing the WIN
method.

THE DIRT CHEAP ROCKS OF JOHN HUTCHISON

If you ask the other residents of a certain apartment building in
Vancouver, they may admit to being curious about John Hutchison. They
see a tall, muscular man who carts old consoles of electronic
equipment onto the elevator nearly every week. Their curiosity
increased the day a Japanese television crew showed up and disappeared
inside his apartment for a few hours. And in the summer of 1995,
Hutchison further puzzled onlookers by sitting on the curb and picking
out stones,  Why would a rockhound sort through ordinary street rocks?

What the neighbors do not know is that John Hutchison is well-known in
new-energy circles, and is even known to some who move in the circles
of established science. His visitors have included distinguished
physicists. But unlike Shoulders and Lambertson, he is a self-taught
scientist. As a boy in Vancouver, he read about Nikola Tesla (see
Chapter 2) and then startled neighbors with Tesla coil experiments in
his backyard.

While in his twenties, he developed a medical problem that resulted in
his living on a small disability pension. For years, he lived a
generally reclusive life, digging for rare electrical equipment in
military surplus stores and junkyards, and carrying his finds home on
the city bus. Apart from time spent as a volunteer at a local ecology
center, he spent hours in his bedroom-turned-laboratory, patiently
rebuilding equipment. He considered opening a museum.

Antigravity and the Hutchison Effect

Hutchison's life changed drastically in 1979 when, upon starting up an
array of high-voltage equipment, he felt something hit his shoulder.
He threw the piece of metal back to where it seemed to have
originated, and it flew up and hit him again. This was how he
originally discovered the Hutchison effect. When his Tesla coils,
electrostatic generator, and other equipment created a complex
electromagnetic field, heavy pieces of metal levitated and shot toward
the ceiling, and some pieces shredded.

What is the Hutchison effect? As with much of the new-energy field, no
one can say for sure. Some theorists think the effect is the result of
opposing electromagnetic fields cancelling each other out, creating a
powerful flow of space energy.

A Vancouver businessman heard about the Hutchison effect, contacted
Hutchison, and brought in a consulting engineer to form a company that
would promote technology developed from the effect. Despite
demonstrations to potential customers from both Canada and the United
States, things did not work out, and Hutchison and the company parted
ways in 1986.

After a couple of other abortive business tries, including a sojourn
in Germany, Hutchison returned to Vancouver in late 1990 and again
lived a relatively reclusive life. Piece by piece, he sold what
remained of his laboratory equipment in order to pay his bills. It
would be several years before he could reestablish his collection.

Hutchison wanted to connect with other researchers, but the local
media had given his work the weird-science treatment, and didn't take
him seriously. However, material on the Hutchison effect was included
in a Japanese book on Hutchison's life and work that sold well in
Japan. Living in a country with almost no natural resources has led
the Japanese to take new-energy ideas very seriously, as we will see in 
Chapter 8.

As a result, Hutchison was asked to speak in Japan, where thousands of
people paid to attend his two lecture tours. These tours were
organized by Hiroshi Yamabe, a well-known Tesla lecturer who made his
fortune in such advanced engineering fields as robotics and artificial

intelligence. Yamabe offered to set up a laboratory for Hutchison, but
the Canadian was ambivalent about the prospect of moving to Japan.

Beyond the Hutchison Effect: The Dirt Cheap Energy Converter

Hutchison was undecided about what to do. He had moved beyond the
Hutchison effect and into the field of space energy, and had acquired
a Canadian business manager. The winter before his 1995 Japanese tour,
Hutchison built a working space energy device about the size of a
microwave oven. The Hutchison Converter was based on Tesla's resonance
principle. Tesla demonstrated this principle by steadily pulsing
bursts of energy into his electric coils, each burst coming before
energy from the previous burst had t ime to die away. This led to
higher and higher amounts of energy, like a child going higher and
higher on a swing.

Hutchison captured the same pulsing, rhythmic energy by using crystals
of barium titanate, a material that can capture the pulses of certain
electromagnetic frequencies in the way that a radio can pick up
certain radio frequencies. When the crystal pulses, or resonates, it
produces electric power.

I saw a demonstration in which the converter put out six watts, enough
to power a motor that kept a small propeller spinning furiously. The
whirring of a tiny propeller looked rather silly, until one realized
that the apparatus contained no batteries, no fuel, and no connection
to a power outlet It worked continuously for months.

One day while experimenting, however, Hutchison cracked a crucial part
and decided to take the unit apart.

He built a smaller, more portable model to take on his speaking tour.
Resembling an Oscar statue in size and shape, the portable converter
put out slightly more than a watt of power. It lit a tiny lamp as a
demonstration and also ran a small motor.

At the end of the tour, in front of an audience of about 500 Hiroshima
residents, Hutchison slapped the device onto a table lit by the bright
lights of a television crew. He quickly unscrewed all the parts and
revealed its inner details, while the camera zoomed in for a closeup
and a pair of chopsticks provided a scale to show the size of the
device. It was clear that the converter contained no batteries.
Afterward, men crowded around Hutchison, offering him their business
cards and asking him to sell them a supply of barium titanate.

Back home, Hutchison's business advisor fretted that the inventor had
given away his secrets. But Hutchison shrugged his shoulders; he had
gone beyond the prototype technology he had taken to Japan. He now had
a new secret - the stovetop process he called Dirt Cheap because the
ingredients included common rocks.

The new process grew out of his use of barium titanate.. He wondered,
"Why can't I make a material that works even better?" Hutchison knew
that other researchers had put electrodes on certain rocks to show
that the rocks generated a tiny electric current, somehow soaked up
from the cosmos.

So Hutchison sorted through small stones on the street in front of his
apartment and threw them into a test tube-sized metal container. Next,
he added a mixture of low-cost, common chemicalshe won't reveal which
onesand put this rock soup on the stove to simmer. This allowed water
to evaporate and tiny pockets of air to rise from the stones so that
the chemicals could enter them. Before the mixture cooled into a
solid, he added specially treated posts to draw electricity from the
crystal-like substance th at had formed. Again, no one is entirely
sure as to how the Dirt Cheap method works, although one physicist
told Hutchison that the Casimir effect, used by Ken Shoulders to
create charge clusters, may be at work (see page 61).

When he first discovered his Dirt Cheap process, Hutchison didn't
bother to patent it. He had heard from other inventors how their
laboratories had been vandalized and their property had been stolen
once the Patent Office had been notified, and he was not eager to be

the first inventor to take a bold step by manufacturing a large home-
or factory-sized unit that could restructure industries. Besides, in
the 1980s - when he was still working with the Hutchison effect - he
had received a few threatening comme nts from strangers.

How could Hutchisonn enjoy his peaceful life and still get a space
energy product to the public in a low-key manner? He says he has hit
upon an unusual strategy: building miniature flying saucers powered by
Dirt Cheap-supplied electricity, and selling them as space-energy
children's toys. Hutchison hopes an environmentally safe toy that
lights up without batteries will intrigue the public into buying Dirt
Cheap devices that could power large appliances. And perhaps, the Dirt
Cheap process could help lead to a world of nonpolluting new energy.


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